* Entropy ( classical thermodynamics )

In the light of thermodynamics, the classical calorimetric quantity is revealed as being tightly linked to the calorimetric material's equation of state.

Many results in classical thermodynamics are not easily applied to non-equilibrium systems.

Alternatively entropy can be defined from a classical thermodynamics viewpoint, in which the molecular interactions are not considered and instead the system is viewed from perspective of the gross motion of very large masses of molecules and the behavior of individual molecules is averaged and obscured.

Historically, the classical thermodynamics definition developed first, and it has more recently been extended in the area of non-equilibrium thermodynamics.

The undergraduate physics curriculum generally includes the following range of courses: chemistry, classical physics, kinematics, astronomy and astrophysics, physics laboratory, electricity and magnetism, thermodynamics, optics, modern physics, quantum physics, nuclear physics, particle physics, and solid state physics.

However, classical thermodynamics is mostly concerned with systems in equilibrium and reversible changes and not what actually does happen, or how fast, away from equilibrium.

Statistical mechanics provides a framework for relating the microscopic properties of individual atoms and molecules to the macroscopic bulk properties of materials that can be observed in everyday life, therefore explaining thermodynamics as a result of classical and quantum-mechanical description of statistics and mechanics at the microscopic level.

This ability to make macroscopic predictions based on microscopic properties is the main advantage of statistical mechanics over classical thermodynamics.

Statistical mechanics provides a framework for relating the microscopic properties of individual atoms and molecules to the macroscopic or bulk properties of materials that can be observed in everyday life, therefore explaining thermodynamics as a natural result of statistics, classical mechanics, and quantum mechanics at the microscopic level.

For example, classical thermodynamics is characterized by its study of materials that have equations of state or characteristic equations.

As classical thermodynamics developed, the distinction between heat and work became less central.

For example, classical thermodynamics can consider long-time-average rates of flows generated by continually repeated irreversible cyclic processes.

That particular way of definition of entropy is largely beyond the scope of the present article, but here it may be said that it is entirely derived from the concepts of classical thermodynamics ; in particular, neither flow rates nor changes over time are admitted into the definition of the entropy of the small local region.

The independent state variables of a small local region are only those of classical thermodynamics.

Generalized or extended thermodynamics is a diverse and developing project, rather than a more or less completed subject such as is classical thermodynamics.

For generalized or extended thermodynamics, the definition of the quantity known as the entropy of a small local region is in terms beyond those of classical thermodynamics ; in particular, flow rates are admitted into the definition of the entropy of a small local region.

Outside the range of classical thermodynamics, the definition of the entropy of a small local region is no simple matter.

It provides an explanation of classical thermodynamics.

In classical thermodynamics, the second law is a basic postulate applicable to any system involving heat energy transfer ; in statistical thermodynamics, the second law is a consequence of the assumed randomness of molecular chaos.

The concept of playing solo steel-string guitar in a concert setting was introduced in the early 1960s by such performers as Davey Graham and John Fahey, who used country blues fingerpicking techniques to compose original compositions with structures somewhat like European classical music.

The rationalist philosophers, however, with a new emphasis on Reason as a tool of the intellect, brought the classical and medieval traditions under new scrutiny, exercising a new concept of doubt, with varying outcomes.

Notably, Chinese philosophy never developed the concept of rights, let alone human rights, so that classical Chinese lacked words for them.

Martin had to invent the word quanli to translate the Western concept of " rights " in the process of translating Henry Wheaton's Elements of International Law into classical Chinese.

The concept of the five classical elements in the Western tradition may originate from Babylonian mythology.

A concept that anticipates both the four classical elements of Empedocles and Aristotle's transmutation of the four elements into one another.

" Some commentators have questioned whether Thatcherism was consistent with the traditional concept of conservatism in the United Kingdom, and saw her views as more consistent with radical classical liberalism.

The term " concept " is traced back to 1554 – 60 ( Latin conceptum-" something conceived "), but what is today termed " the classical theory of concepts " is the theory of Aristotle on the definition of terms.

It is a classical concept of the Jewish religious tradition, and the Christian faith has long been criticized for the general superiority complex of males.

The 2011 contemporary classical concept album Troika is composed of new orchestral songs set to Russian, English, and French-language poetry by five multilingual Russian-born writers: Joseph Brodsky, Mikhail Lermontov, Vladimir Nabokov, Aleksandr Pushkin and Fyodor Tyutchev.

Yet the borders of Europe — a concept dating back to classical antiquity — are somewhat arbitrary, as the primarily physiographic term " continent " can incorporate cultural and political elements.

Around the same time, Charles Elton pioneered the concept of food chains in his classical book Animal Ecology.

The writer Dean Swinford, ( whose concept of irrealism was described at length in the section " Irrealism in Literature "), wrote that the artist Remedios Varos, in her painting The Juggler, " creates a personal allegorical system which relies on the predetermined symbols of Christian and classical iconography.

It consistently portrayed him as a member of the sect, and as a traitor to the Jewish nation — a view which became known as the classical concept of Josephus.

Presently the concept is most often associated with Marxian economics, although it appears as a foundation to earlier classical economic theorists such as Adam Smith and David Ricardo.

However, Karl Marx never used the phrase " labor theory of value " to describe his theory of value, but instead made reference to a law of value, which is not to be confused with the classical economics concept of labor theory of price.

So the only similarity of this relativistic aether concept with the classical aether models lies in the presence of physical properties in space.

He derived the phrase spontaneous order from Gestalt psychology, and it was adopted by the classical liberal economist Frederick Hayek, although the concept can be traced back to at least Adam Smith.

The modern photon concept was developed gradually by Albert Einstein to explain experimental observations that did not fit the classical wave model of light.

One attempt to overcome these limitations is to replace ordinary quantum field theory, which is based on the classical concept of a point particle, with a quantum theory of one-dimensional extended objects: string theory.

The concept of the " republic " itself was not a meaningful concept in the classical world.

In relativity physics, the concept of rapidity replaces the classical idea of speed.

Thus it was Pythagoras who gave the word " theory " the specific meaning which leads to the classical and modern concept of a distinction between theory as uninvolved, neutral thinking, and practice.