Students have been using electric computers and high speed movie cameras during the study.

Assistive technology devices can be simple, or " low-tech ", or they may use highly advanced technology, with some even using computers.

He was a pioneer in computer-generated art using Amiga computers that were introduced in 1985, just before his death in 1987.

This permits signal processing using digital circuits such as microprocessors and computers.

Data communications can be especially important for artillery because by using structured messages and defined data types fire control messages can be automatically routed and processed by computers.

All these calculations to produce a quadrant elevation ( or range ) and azimuth were done manually by highly trained soldiers using instruments, tabulated data, data of the moment and approximations until battlefield computers started appearing in the 1960s and 1970s.

Only larger BBSs with multiple phone lines using specialized hardware, multitasking software, or a LAN connecting multiple computers, could host multiple simultaneous users.

More recently, software with similar capabilities has been developed to allow manipulation of digital audio files stored on computers using turntables with special vinyl records ( e. g. Final Scratch, M-Audio Torq, Serato Scratch Live ) or computer interface ( e. g. Traktor DJ Studio, Mixxx, Virtual DJ ).

It also helps when implementing Blissymbolics using technology such as computers.

Thus, computing includes designing and building hardware and software systems for a wide range of purposes ; processing, structuring, and managing various kinds of information ; doing scientific studies using computers ; making computer systems behave intelligently ; creating and using communications and entertainment media ; finding and gathering information relevant to any particular purpose, and so on.

Processing performance of computers is increased by using multi-core processors, which essentially is plugging two or more individual processors ( called cores in this sense ) into one integrated circuit.

Thus, what started as an effort to translate between languages evolved into an entire discipline devoted to understanding how to represent and process natural languages using computers.

For example, a 1039 bit integer was factored with the special number field sieve using 400 computers over 11 months.

Distributed. net and its volunteers broke a 64-bit RC5 key in several years, using about seventy thousand ( mostly home ) computers.

In 1964, Hückel method calculations ( using a simple linear combination of atomic orbitals ( LCAO ) method for the determination of electron energies of molecular orbitals of π electrons in conjugated hydrocarbon systems ) of molecules ranging in complexity from butadiene and benzene to ovalene, were generated on computers at Berkeley and Oxford.

RMCL ( based on MCL 5. 2 ) runs on Intel-based Apple Macintosh computers using the Rosetta binary translator from Apple.

Some computers were built using " writable microcode " — rather than storing the microcode in ROM or hard-wired logic, the microcode was stored in a RAM called a writable control store or WCS.

So by reducing the number of tracks used and thus capacity, it was possible to further reduce cost-in contrast to Double Density drives used e. g. in IBM PC computers of the day which saved 180 kB on one side ( by using a 40 tracks format ).

By the early 1990s, the performance of microprocessor-based computers reached the point that real-time generation of computer music using more general programs and algorithms became possible.

For instance, Microsoft Word files are normally created and modified by the Microsoft Word program in response to user commands, but the user can also move, rename, or delete these files directly by using a file manager program such as Windows Explorer ( on Windows computers ) or by command lines ( CLI ).

Most computers organize files into hierarchies using folders, directories, or catalogs.

" "' It is important that every library in the country has the opportunity to protect children against pornographic material when they are using library computers.

With the advent of computers, dictionary programs are now available that allow one to draw a character using a mouse or stylus.

The first mainframe computers, using firstly vacuum tubes and later transistors in the logic circuits, appeared in the 1940s and 1950s.

The term floating point refers to the fact that the radix point ( decimal point, or, more commonly in computers, binary point ) can " float "; that is, it can be placed anywhere relative to the significant digits of the number.

The mission computer used aboard Skylab was the IBM System / 4Pi TC-1, a relative of the AP-101 Space Shuttle computers.

With the increased use of personal computers and the relative decline in societal awareness of heavy machinery, the term user interface is generally assumed to mean the graphical user interface, while industrial control panel and machinery control design discussions more commonly refer to human-machine interfaces.

In mainframe computers and some minicomputers, a < u > d </ u > irect < u > a </ u > ccess < u > s </ u > torage < u > d </ u > evice, or DASD (), is any secondary storage device which has relatively low access time relative to its capacity.

It failed to make an impact in the marketplace due to its expense relative to other consoles and inability to compete with home computers.

Wingsuit fliers can measure their performance relative to their goals with the use of freefall computers that will indicate the amount of time they were in flight, the altitude they deployed their parachute, and the altitude they entered freefall.

The magnetometer will serve as a three-dimensional compass designed to minimize Zvezda propellant usage by relaying information to the module's computers regarding its orientation relative to the Earth.

As the relative costs of CPU cycles, RAM space, and hard drive space change — hard drive space has for some time been getting cheaper at a much faster rate than other components of computers — the appropriate choices for space – time tradeoffs have changed radically.

These constraints have generally led to ensure that the devices they market are extremely power efficient relative to computers.

In early computers, including the PDP-8, the zero page had a special fast addressing mode, which facilitated its use for temporary storage of data and compensated for the relative shortage of CPU registers.

The relative complexity and inconvenience of storing game state information on early home computers ( and the fact that early video game consoles had no non-volatile data storage ) meant that initially game saves were represented as " passwords " ( often strings of characters that encoded the game state ) that players could write down and later input into the game when resuming.

Calculating the proper " lead " given the relative motion of the two vessels was very difficult, and torpedo data computers were added to dramatically improve the speed of these calculations.

The relative availability of computers suitable for the different types of computation required for stages 1 and 2 is also important.

Guardian could cause the battle-suit computers to trigger and release gravitons, canceling the Earth's rotation relative to himself, propelling himself forwards at up to about 1000 miles per hour ( at the equator ).

Harvesting such data sets from the polar plots and computers ( Common to sonar, radar and lidar ) allows the CIC crew to plot the data correctly on a chart or map at the correct range and bearing, and to calculate the course and speed of the contact accurately, giving the set a vast expansion to include future positions, given unchanged relative courses and relative speeds.

They effectively exploit the addressing logic of computers.

Early computers used one of two addressing methods to access the system memory ; binary ( base 2 )

Most other computers of the time with more than 64 KB of memory addressing were limited to bank switching where much if not all the 64 KB was simply swapped for another section of memory.

Modern networks usually connect three or more host computers together ; in such cases the packet header generally contains addressing information so that the packet is received by the correct host computer.

Due to the limitations in memory addressing on Apple II series and Commodore computers, a RAM drive was also a popular application on Commodore 64 and Commodore 128 systems with RAM Expansion Units and on Apple II series computers with more than 64kB of RAM.

This logical addressing structure permits the selective routing of IP packets across multiple networks via special gateway computers, called routers, to a destination host if the network prefixes of origination and destination hosts differ, or sent directly to a target host on the local network if they are the same.

System / 38 and its descendants are unique in being the only existing commercial computers with capability-based addressing.

The introduction of memory management in the newer PDP-11 computers not only meant these machines were able to address four ( 4 ) times the amount of memory ( 18bit addressing, 256K bytes ), it also paved the way for the developers to separate user mode processes from the core of the kernel.

In early computers without any form of indirect addressing, array operations had to be performed by modifying the instruction address, which required several additional program steps and used up more computer memory, a scarce resource in computer installations of the early era ( as well as in early microcomputers two decades later ).

Current PC-Compatible computers support INT 13H Extensions, which use 64-bit structures for LBA addressing and should encompass any future extension of LBA addressing, though modern operating systems implement direct disk access and do not use the BIOS subsystems, except at boot load time.

( At IBM, Gene Amdahl had co-designed the groundbreaking 32-bit architecture, 24-bit addressing, System / 360 line of computers.

Capability-based addressing is a method of memory protection that is unused in modern commercial computers.

For example, the Data General Nova minicomputer, and the Texas Instruments TMS9900 and National Semiconductor IMP-16 microcomputers used 16 bit words, and there were many 36-bit mainframe computers ( e. g., PDP-10 ) which used 18-bit word addressing, not byte addressing, giving an address space of 2 < sup > 18 </ sup > 36-bit words, approximately 1 megabyte of storage.

Sequential execution is not considered to be an addressing mode on some computers.

This " addressing mode " does not have an effective address and is not considered to be an addressing mode on some computers.

This " addressing mode " does not have an effective address, and is not considered to be an addressing mode on some computers.

Implied addressing was quite common on older computers ( up to mid-1970s ).

Later computers generally had more than one general purpose register or RAM location which could be the source or destination or both for arithmetic — and so later computers need some other addressing mode to specify the source and destination of arithmetic.

Many 32-bit computers ( such as 68000, ARM, or PowerPC ) have more than one register which could be used as a stack pointer — and so use the " register autoincrement indirect " addressing mode to specify which of those registers should be used when pushing or popping data from a stack.