The term " de facto standard " is used for both: to contrast obligatory standards ( also known as " de jure standards "); or to express a dominant standard, when there are more than one proposed standards.

For example, Japanese allows short nouns ( 1-4 moras ) to have tone on any one mora, but more frequently on none at all, so that in disyllabic words there are three-way minimal contrasts such as káki " oyster " vs. kakí " fence " vs. kaki " persimmon "); Ancient Greek in contrast had obligatory tone on one of three final moras, so that if the tonic syllable had a long vowel or diphthong, it had either a rising or a falling tone.

English-medium schools, in contrast, produce relatively few fluent Irish speakers, despite the Irish language being an obligatory subject in the Republic of Ireland in both primary and secondary school.

" Especially in the United States, " religion " has for many become associated with sectarian institutions and their obligatory creeds and rituals, thus giving the word a negative cast ; " spirituality ," in contrast, is positively constructed as deeply individual and subjective, as a universal capacity to apprehend and accord one's life with higher realities.

Other tenets that contrast with Islam include capital punishment for theft, unlimited number of wives a man allowed to have, unlimited number of divorces, fasting of the month of Rajab ( 7th month in lunar calendar ) instead of Ramadan ( 9th month ), ten obligatory daily prayers instead of five, differences in how to perform ablution, prayers, and the banning of marriage between cousins.

By contrast, Theta roles are a syntactic notion about the number, type and placement of obligatory arguments.

In contrast, in slowly transforming viruses, the virus genome is inserted, especially as viral genome insertion is an obligatory part of retroviruses, near a proto-oncogene in the host genome.

In contrast with the fixed form prescribed for obligatory prayers, there is no set form for devotions and meditations, though the devotional prayers written by the central figures of the Bahá ' í Faith and collected in prayer books are held in high esteem.

In contrast, in slowly transforming viruses, the virus genome is inserted, especially as viral genome insertion is obligatory part of retroviruses, near a proto-oncogene in the host genome.

They were cat-like beasts which walked on flat feet, in contrast to today's carnivores which ( except for bears and raccoons ) walk or run on their toes.

In Greek literature, he often represents the physical or violent aspect of war, in contrast to the armored Athena, whose functions as a goddess of intelligence include military strategy and generalship.

In contrast, Henry VII was the descendant of Gaunt's third marriage to Katherine Swynford, whose children were born out of wedlock and only legitimised after the death of Constance and the marriage of John to Katherine.

In this sense, dictatorship ( government without people's consent ) is a contrast to democracy ( government whose power comes from people ) and totalitarianism ( government controls every aspect of people's life ) opposes pluralism ( government allows multiple lifestyles and opinions ).

In contrast to Zeffirelli, whose Hamlet was heavily cut, Kenneth Branagh adapted, directed, and starred in a 1996 version containing every word of Shakespeare's play, combining the material from the F1 and Q2 texts.

Critic Janet Maslin of The New York Times wrote that the film was the greatest adaptation of the novel and remarked on Dunst's performance, " The perfect contrast to take-charge Jo comes from Kirsten Dunst's scene-stealing Amy, whose vanity and twinkling mischief make so much more sense coming from an 11-year-old vixen than they did from grown-up Joan Bennett in 1933.

Streak is more often distinctive for metallic minerals, in contrast to non-metallic minerals whose body colour is created by allochromatic elements.

Motels differ from hotels in their location along highways, as opposed to the urban cores favoured by hotels, and their orientation to the outside ( in contrast to hotels, whose doors typically face an interior hallway ).

In contrast, a non-player character ( often shortened to NPC ) is a character in a game whose actions are not under the player's control.

In contrast to contemporaries such as Lester Bangs, Ian Penman and Nick Tosches, whose music writings are marked by idiosyncratic, self-referential and highly personal styles, Guralnick's writing is characterized by a colloquial approach that is clean and understated by comparison.

This is in contrast to the higher education sector, whose funding is predominantly the domain of the Commonwealth government and whose universities are predominantly owned by the state governments.

This GPU is unique in the fact that almost all of its 1. 4 billion transistors are used for logic, in contrast to the Itanium, whose large transistor count is largely due to its 24 MB L3 cache.

In Jacobs ' and Broyde's view, they were attracted by its glorification of man, its doctrine of immortality, and its ethical principles, which they saw as more in keeping with the spirit of Talmudic Judaism than are those taught by the philosophers, and which was held in contrast to the view of Maimonides and his followers, who regarded man as a fragment of the universe whose immortality is dependent upon the degree of development of his active intellect.

In contrast, frequency-hopping spread spectrum pseudo-randomly re-tunes the carrier, instead of adding pseudo-random noise to the data, the latter process results in a uniform frequency distribution whose width is determined by the output range of the pseudorandom number generator.

This implies that, while the surfaces of constant real phase are planes whose normals make an angle equal to the angle of refraction with the interface normal, the surfaces of constant amplitude, in contrast, are planes parallel to the interface itself.

As with all of Shakespeare's serious plays, there are also a number of minor comic characters whose activities contrast with and sometimes comment on the main plot.

In contrast, linear could describe the painting of artists such as Botticelli, Michelangelo, and Ingres, whose works depend on creating the illusion of a degree of three-dimensionality by means of " modeling the form " through skillful drawing, shading, and an academic rather than impulsive use of color.

Most passerines lay coloured eggs, in contrast with non-passerines, most of whose eggs are white except in some ground-nesting groups such as Charadriiformes and nightjars, where camouflage is necessary, and some parasitic cuckoos, which match the passerine host's egg.

Eating fresh " garden " peas before they were matured was a luxurious innovation of the Early Modern period: by contrast with the coarse, traditional peasant fare of pease pottage, Potage Saint-Germain, made of fresh peas and other fresh greens braised in light stock and pureed, was an innovation sufficiently refined that it could be served to Louis XIV of France, for whose court at the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye it was named, ca 1660-80.

His friendship with Bartolini, whose worldly success in the intervening years stood in sharp contrast to Ingres's poverty, quickly became strained, and Ingres found new quarters.

This is in direct contrast to the European Union, whose member States have given up their national sovereignty in exchange for cooperative mediation and group policy-making, especially in the economic arena.

In contrast, children whose food is restricted, have diarrhea of longer duration and recover intestinal function more slowly.

By emphasizing the unrealistic character of " legends " of the saints, English-speaking Protestants were able to introduce a note of contrast to the " real " saints and martyrs of the Reformation, whose authentic narratives, they were sure, could be found in Foxe's Book of Martyrs.

In the UK, the term refers to the acquisition of a public company whose shares are listed on a stock exchange, in contrast to the acquisition of a private company.

This is in contrast to a scalar processor, whose instructions operate on single data items.

In contrast, typical " Western " diets are said to be insufficient for long-term health, necessitating the use of megadose supplements of vitamins, dietary minerals, proteins, antioxidants, amino acids, ω-3 fatty acids, ω-6 fatty acids, medium chain triglycerides, dietary fiber, short and long chain fatty acids, lipotropes, systemic and digestive enzymes, other digestive factors, and prohormones to ward off hypothetical metabolism anomalies at an early stage, before they cause disease.

" It was noted in the 1970s that people in many Western countries had diets high in animal products, fat, and sugar, and high rates of cancers of the colorectum, breast, prostate, endometrium, and lung ; by contrast, individuals in developing countries usually had diets that were based on one or two starchy staple foods, with low intakes of animal products, fat, and sugar, and low rates of these cancers.

By contrast, low-carbohydrate diets, or more properly, diets that are very low in nutritive carbohydrates, evoke less insulin ( to cover the ingested glucose in the blood stream ), leading to longer and more frequent episodes of ketosis.

In contrast to other diets that might provide a list of foods that either must be or should never be eaten, Weight Watchers ' primary plan has no directly comparable requirements and no food is off limits.

This stands in marked contrast to approaches such as the South Beach or Atkins diets, in which some foods are completely forbidden and others are permitted in as great a quantity as the dieter likes.

For the illusion of depth created by the contrast between the affixed material and everything else gives way immediately to an illusion of forms in bas-relief, which gives way in turn, and with equal immediacy, to an illusion that seems to contain both -- or neither.

Since they are hydrocarbons, and therefore contain no oxygen, carotenes are fat-soluble and insoluble in water ( in contrast with other carotenoids, the xanthophylls, which contain oxygen and thus are less chemically hydrophobic ).

One difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic genes is that eukaryotic genes can contain introns ( intervening DNA sequences ) which are not coding sequences, in contrast with exons, which are DNA coding sequences.

In contrast, the 2007 Micropædia has roughly 65, 000 articles, the vast majority ( about 97 %) of which contain fewer than 750 words, no references, and no named contributors.

In contrast to a gamete, the diploid somatic cells of an individual contain one copy of the chromosome set from the sperm and one copy of the chromosome set from the egg ; that is, the cells of the offspring have genes expressing characteristics of both the father and the mother.

In contrast, the mitochondrial genomes of vertebrates are entirely devoid of introns, while those of eukaryotic microorganisms may contain many introns.

Metallic vapors by contrast are often atomic ( Hg ) or at times contain molecules like Na < sub > 2 </ sub > held together by a more conventional covalent bond.

" The film does not contain any computer generated imagery ( CGI ) in contrast to Miyazaki's other recent work.

In contrast, those who justified US interventions in the Cold War period always cast these as being motivated by the need to contain totalitarianism and thus fulfilled a higher moral imperative.

Nucleoli of various plant species have been shown to contain very high concentrations of iron in contrast to human and animal cell nucleoli.

In contrast, bird eggs contain enough to supply the chick with nutriment throughout the whole period of incubation.

In contrast to Lisp's macro system and Perl's blocks, which may contain general computations, C macros are merely string replacements, and do not require code execution.

This is in contrast to all other known infectious agents ( virus / bacteria / fungus / parasite ) which must contain nucleic acids ( either DNA, RNA, or both ).

By contrast, offering readers modern teenage-oriented fiction may not exercise their advanced reading skills, while the material may contain themes more suited to adolescents.

In contrast to Nortel's DMS-100 which uses individual line cards with a codec, most lines are on two-stage analog space-division concentrators or Line Units, which connect as many as 512 lines, as needed, to the 8 Channel cards that each contain 8 codecs, and to high-level service circuits for ringing and testing.

By contrast, ext2 and other Berkeley FFS-like file systems of that time simply used a fixed formula for computing inode locations, hence limiting the number of files they may contain.

The enema may contain barium sulfate powder, or a water-soluble contrast agent.

In contrast, the Portage tree does not contain directories of Makefiles, but of so-called ebuilds, Bash-like scripts that describe separate functions to download, configure, make, install and remove a package and additional functions that can be used to set up the operating environment for a package.

By contrast, many of the Chinese characters currently in use in Japan ( kanji ) and Mainland China have been simplified, and contain fewer strokes than the corresponding hanja characters.

) An informal proof in the mathematics literature, by contrast, requires weeks of peer review to be checked, and may still contain errors.

But in contrast to the Scotch Whisky Regulations of 2009, the Irish Whiskey Act of 1980 does not actually contain a definition of the terms " single malt Irish whiskey " or " single grain Irish whiskey " or specific rules governing their production, so the exact definitions of these terms may not be clearly established.

By contrast, gametes of diploid organisms contain only half as many chromosomes.

Her letters, in contrast to Einstein's, contain only personal matters, or comments related to her Polytechnic coursework.