This is in contrast to the situation on land, where elevated atmospheric concentrations of CO < sub > 2 </ sub > may increase primary production because land plants are able to improve their water-use efficiency (= decrease transpiration ) when CO < sub > 2 </ sub > is easier to obtain.

Negative radiographic contrast agents are air and carbon dioxide ( CO < sub > 2 </ sub >).

In contrast, switchgrass cellulosic ethanol and corn ethanol were found to mitigate 5. 2 and 1. 5 tonnes of CO < sub > 2 </ sub > per hectare, respectively.

In contrast, carbon dioxide is easy to remove simply by reducing the pressure, leaving almost no trace, purchased CO < sub > 2 </ sub > has almost always been reclaimed, which reduces the total carbon foot-print.

In contrast, hexavalent chromium ( Cr ( VI ) or Cr < sup > 6 +</ sup >) is very toxic and mutagenic when inhaled.

In contrast, a reversal ( Walden inversion ) of the previously existing stereochemistry is observed in the S < sub > N </ sub > 2 mechanism.

In Slavic languages, / l, r / as syllabic nuclei are usually the result of the disappearance of,, or ( contrast for example the Russian cognates for vlk and smrt, ' volk ' and ' sm < nowiki >'</ nowiki > ert < nowiki >'</ nowiki >').

< p > How painful, sad and sobering is the sharp contrast between the clear attitude that should prevail in a pure Torah community and the confusion that exists among well-intentioned individuals within our communities.

< gallery caption =" Four examples of transilumination techniques used to generate contrast in a sample of tissue paper.

Metallic vapors by contrast are often atomic ( Hg ) or at times contain molecules like Na < sub > 2 </ sub > held together by a more conventional covalent bond.

In contrast to the more strict definition proposed by IUPAC, which requires a d-block metal and a sandwich structure, the term metallocene and thus the denotation-ocene, is applied in the chemical literature also to non-transition metal compounds, such as Cp < sub > 2 </ sub > Ba, or structures where the aromatic rings are not co-planar, such as found in manganocene or titanocene dichloride ( Cp < sub > 2 </ sub > TiCl < sub > 2 </ sub >).

In contrast, < sup > 20 </ sup > Ne ( the chief primordial isotope made in stellar nucleosynthesis ) is not known to be nucleogenic or radiogenic ( save for cluster decay production, which is thought to produce only a small amount ).

In contrast to these coordination compounds, methylcobalamin ( a form of Vitamin B < sub > 12 </ sub >), with a cobalt-methyl bond, is a true organometallic complex, one of the few known in biology.

Quantitatively it is identical with the loop-product along a closed loop W. However, for a Mattis spin glass-in contrast to " genuine " spin glasses-the quantity P < sub > W </ sub > never becomes negative.

The team determined a half-life of 2. 1 seconds, in contrast to earlier reports of 47 ms and suggested that the two half-lives might be due to different isomeric states of < sup > 262 </ sup > Rf.

In contrast, in 0. 1 M HNO < sub > 3 </ sub >, seaborgium does not elute, unlike Mo and W, indicating that the hydrolysis of < sup > 6 +</ sup > only proceeds as far as the cationic complex < sup >+</ sup >.

Resputtering, in contrast, involves re-emission of the deposited material, e. g. SiO < sub > 2 </ sub > during the deposition also by ion bombardment.

In contrast, P can cohere with P < sub > 1 </ sub > and P < sub > 2 </ sub > without P, P < sub > 1 </ sub > or P < sub > 2 </ sub > being true.

By contrast, a Cosmological Constant is static, with a fixed energy density and w < sub > q </ sub > = − 1.

Refractive index contrast, Δ, is given by Δ = ( n < sub > 1 </ sub >< sup > 2 </ sup >- n < sub > 2 </ sub >< sup > 2 </ sup >)/( 2n < sub > 1 </ sub >< sup > 2 </ sup >), where n < sub > 1 </ sub > is the maximum refractive index in the core and n < sub > 2 </ sub > is the refractive index of the homogeneous cladding.

* By contrast, elastic and viscous ( or intermediate, viscoelastic ) behaviour is relevant at short times ( transient behaviour ):</ br > We again consider the application of a constant stress:

During the Financial crisis of 2007 – 2010, Bulgaria marked a decline in its economy of 5. 5 % in 2009, but quickly restored its positive growth to 0. 2 % in 2010, in contrast to other Balkan countries.

By contrast, the normal vaginal discharge will vary in consistency and amount throughout the menstrual cycle and is at its clearest at ovulation-about 2 weeks before the period starts.

The term " common law " ( connotation 2 ) is often used as a contrast to Roman-derived " civil law ", and the fundamental processes and forms of reasoning in the two are quite different.

She bases this reading on Genesis 1, calling that the true record of creation in contrast to Genesis 2, the false record of creation obscuring the true ( which occurred when " a mist went up from the face of the ground ").

By way of contrast, when introduced in 1985, the Amiga had compared favorably against 286-based systems with EGA graphics and rudimentary sound capabilities that frequently cost 2 – 3 times as much.

In contrast, consider the curve in Figure 2.

With GDP per capita of less than $ 2, 000, North Korea remains as one of the world's poorest and least developed countries, in sharp contrast to its neighbor South Korea, which has one of the largest economies in Asia.

In contrast, OS / 2 2. 0 could benefit from the virtual 8086 mode of the Intel 80386 processor in order to create a much safer virtual machine in which to run DOS programs.

Atoms can have different overall " spin ", which determines whether they are fermions or bosons — for example helium-3 has spin 1 / 2 and is therefore a fermion, in contrast to helium-4 which has spin 0 and is a boson.

For example, IUPAC has, since 1982, defined standard reference conditions as being 0 ° C and 100 kPa ( 1 bar ), in contrast to their old standard of 0 ° C and 101. 325 kPa ( 1 atm ).< ref name =" IUPAC 2 ">

Professor Francesco Cappuccio said, " Short sleep has been shown to be a risk factor for weight gain, hypertension, and Type 2 diabetes, sometimes leading to mortality ; but in contrast to the short sleep-mortality association, it appears that no potential mechanisms by which long sleep could be associated with increased mortality have yet been investigated.

In contrast, Staubach, although a noted scrambler and able to salvage broken plays effectively, threw for 542 yards, and only 2 touchdowns compared to 8 interceptions, giving him a 42. 9 rating.

By contrast, soft X-rays hardly penetrate matter at all ; the attenuation length of 600 eV (~ 2 nm ) X-rays in water is less than 1 micrometer.

In contrast to the relatively straightforward arrangements for the Central Pacific, the Union Pacific which was to ultimately build nearly 2 / 3 of the track was to be mired in controversy and scandals while its controlling partner Thomas C. Durant got rich as he took advantage of lax or non-existent government oversight during the Civil War.

The logical view is that OSPF creates something of a spider web or star topology of many areas all attached directly to Area Zero and IS-IS by contrast creates a logical topology of a backbone of Level 2 routers with branches of Level 1-2 and Level 1 routers forming the individual areas.

The maximum likelihood estimate for N is N < sub > 0 </ sub > = n ( by contrast, the unbiased estimate is 2n − 1 ).

These certificates were actually issued from a trusted Certificate Authority, and therefore a user would have had no warning if they had gone to a faked website, in contrast with the Syria incident, where the certificate was crudely forged, including substituting Alto Palo, for Palo Alto.

Dematerialized securities, in contrast are ones in which no certificates exist, instead, the security issuer or its agent keeps records, usually electronically, of who holds outstanding securities.

BBC Text also enabled channel association, the ability for the user to retain their selected television channel visible in one section of the screen whilst viewing the text service, in contrast to Ceefax, which could only be viewed as a full-screen display, or as a semitransparent overlay ( i. e. opaque blocks of colour on top of the television channel, with the black background now transparent ; not ' translucent blocks of colour with a translucent black background ') above the television picture.

So by reducing the number of tracks used and thus capacity, it was possible to further reduce cost-in contrast to Double Density drives used e. g. in IBM PC computers of the day which saved 180 kB on one side ( by using a 40 tracks format ).

By reducing the number of tracks used ( and thus the capacity ), Commodore could further reduce cost-in contrast to the double-density drives used e. g. in IBM PCs of the day which saved 180 KB on one side ( by using a 40-track format ).

Planned economies are in contrast to unplanned economies, i. e. the market economy and proposed self-managed economy, where production, distribution, pricing, and investment decisions are made by autonomous firms based upon their individual interests rather than upon a macroeconomic plan.

Egoism and altruism both contrast with ethical utilitarianism, which holds that a moral agent should treat one's self ( also known as the subject ) with no higher regard than one has for others ( as egoism does, by elevating self-interests and " the self " to a status not granted to others ), but that one also should not ( as altruism does ) sacrifice one's own interests to help others ' interests, so long as one's own interests ( i. e. one's own desires or well-being ) are substantially equivalent to the others ' interests and well-being.

Egoism, utilitarianism, and altruism are all forms of consequentialism, but egoism and altruism contrast with utilitarianism, in that egoism and altruism are both agent-focused forms of consequentialism ( i. e. subject-focused or subjective ), but utilitarianism is called agent-neutral ( i. e. objective and impartial ) as it does not treat the subject's ( i. e. the self's, i. e. the moral " agent's ") own interests as being more or less important than the interests, desires, or well-being of others.

By contrast, for higher frequency radiations at ultraviolet frequencies and above ( i. e., X-rays and gamma rays ) the damage to chemical materials and living cells by EMR is far larger than that done by simple heating, due to the ability of single photons in such high frequency EMR to damage individual molecules chemically.

In contrast, the method of verbal analysis does admit learners ' explanations as a way to reveal their mental model or misconceptions ( e. g., of the laws of motion ).

The Apsu was figured as the abyss of water beneath the earth, and since the gathering place of the dead, known as Aralu, was situated near the confines of the Apsu, he was also designated as En-Ki ; i. e. " lord of that which is below ", in contrast to Anu, who was the lord of the " above " or the heavens.

Criticizability, in contrast to falsifiability, and thus rationality, may be comprehensive ( i. e., have no logical limits ), though this claim is controversial even among proponents of Popper's philosophy and critical rationalism.

By contrast, larger-scale farming often involves irrigation systems, chemical fertilizers and harvesters or at least ladders, e. g. to reach up into fruit trees.

Morphology, by contrast, refers to structure at and below the word level ( e. g. how compound words are formed ), but above the level of individual sounds, which, like intonation, are in the domain of phonology.

By contrast with hoplites, other contemporary infantry ( e. g. Persian ) tended to wear relatively light armour, use wicker shields, and were armed with shorter spears, javelins, and bows.

In contrast, shotshell presses are most often configured for reloading just one gauge of shotshell, e. g., 12 gauge, and are rarely, if ever, reconfigured for reloading other gauges of shotshells, as the cost of buying all new dies, shot bar, and powder bushing as required to switch gauges on a shotshell press often exceeds the cost of buying a new shotshell press outright, as shotshell presses typically come from the factory already setup to reload one gauge or bore of shotshell.

Motherland may refer to a mother country, i. e. the place of one's birth, the place of origin of an ethnic group or immigrant, or a Metropole in contrast to its colonies.

In many common law jurisdictions ( e. g. the Republic of Ireland, Canada, Hong Kong, India, Australia, New Zealand ), an indictable offence is an offence which can only be tried on an indictment after a preliminary hearing to determine whether there is a prima facie case to answer or by a grand jury ( in contrast to a summary offence ).

Egoism and altruism both contrast with ethical utilitarianism, which holds that a moral agent should treat one's self ( also known as the subject ) with no higher regard than one has for others ( as egoism does, by elevating self-interests and " the self " to a status not granted to others ), but that one also should not ( as altruism does ) sacrifice one's own interests to help others ' interests, so long as one's own interests ( i. e. one's own desires or well-being ) are substantially-equivalent to the others ' interests and well-being.

Egoism, utilitarianism, and altruism are all forms of consequentialism, but egoism and altruism contrast with utilitarianism, in that egoism and altruism are both agent-focused forms of consequentialism ( i. e. subject-focused or subjective ), but utilitarianism is called agent-neutral ( i. e. objective and impartial ) as it does not treat the subject's ( i. e. the self's, i. e. the moral " agent's ") own interests as being more or less important than if the same interests, desires, or well-being were anyone else's.

In contrast, Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren instigated the policy of Indian removal to the west ( i. e. the Trail of Tears ).