Caving was pioneered by Édouard-Alfred Martel ( 1859 – 1938 ) who first achieved the descent and exploration of the Gouffre de Padirac, France as early as 1889 and the first complete descent of a 110 metre wet vertical shaft at Gaping Gill, in Yorkshire, England in 1895.

But John Austin ( 1790 – 1859 ), an early positivist, applied utilitarianism in accepting the calculating nature of human beings and the existence of an objective morality.

Biogeographer Alexander von Humbolt ( 1769 – 1859 ) was an early pioneer in ecological thinking and was among the first to recognize ecological gradients, where species are replaced or altered in form along environmental gradients, such as a cline forming along a rise in elevation.

" An article in the Boston Evening Gazette, in 1859, made reference to an early game of hockey on ice occurring in Halifax in that year.

Studies of Charles Darwin's notebooks have shown that Darwin arrived separately at the idea of natural selection which he set out in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species, but it has been speculated that he may have had some half-forgotten memory from his time as a student in Edinburgh of ideas of selection in nature as set out by Hutton, and by William Charles Wells and Patrick Matthew who had both been associated with the city before publishing their ideas on the topic early in the 19th century.

His work is notable for the use of the zeta function ζ ( s ) ( for real values of the argument " s ", as are works of Leonhard Euler, as early as 1737 ) predating Riemann's celebrated memoir of 1859, and he succeeded in proving a slightly weaker form of the asymptotic law, namely, that if the limit of π ( x )/( x / ln ( x )) as x goes to infinity exists at all, then it is necessarily equal to one.

He says he himself played for the West Gloucestershire club as early as 1857, when he was nine years old, and had 11 innings in 1859.

The Red House, in Bexleyheath, London, designed for Morris in 1859 by architect Philip Webb, exemplifies the early Arts and Crafts style, with its well-proportioned solid forms, wide porches, steep roof, pointed window arches, brick fireplaces and wooden fittings.

Originally the site of a military base in the 18th and early 19th centuries, development of the site into a governmental precinct began in 1859, after Bytown was chosen by Queen Victoria as the capital of the Province of Canada.

Newspapers were established early ; in 1859 Elias Cornelius Boudinot, a young European-Cherokee attorney, and James Pettigrew founded The Arkansan.

The first building erected after the town was surveyed was a dwelling completed early in June, 1859, by J. F.

Impressed with the possibilities of the area while gathering wild hay there in early 1859, Warren P. Brady and Jehu Cox wrote to Brigham Young asking for permission to create a settlement.

Coalville was founded in 1859 by William Henderson Smith, an early Mormon freighter.

Founded in 1859 but not incorporated until 1894, the town's early history and development was centered around the railroad industry.

Arthur Balfour had his early education at the Grange preparatory school in Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire ( 1859 – 1861 ), and Eton ( 1861 – 1866 ), where he studied with the influential Master William Johnson Cory.

The young city received an early boost when gold was discovered in the Rocky Mountains in 1859 and Fifty-Niners began to stream through Manhattan on their way to prospect in the mountains.

When the Dorking to Leatherhead railway was constructed in 1859, a fossilised swallow hole was discovered in the cutting at the south end of Box Hill and Westhumble railway station, suggesting that even in its early history, the river possessed swallow holes.

An early photograph from Northumberland, c. 1859, shows the instrument well.

The British Admiralty had been considering armored warships since 1856 and prepared a draft design for an armored corvette in 1857 ; however, in early 1859 the Royal Navy started building two iron-hulled armored frigates, and by 1861 had made the decision to move to an all-armored battle fleet.

Princess Helena began an early flirtation with her father's former librarian, Carl Ruland, following his appointment to the Royal Household on the recommendation of Baron Stockmar in 1859.

Exports reached 2 million tons as early as 1862, with the East Bute dock opening in 1859.

The plaza is named for George Bannerman Dealey ( 1859 – 1946 ), an early publisher of the Dallas Morning News and civic leader, and the man who had campaigned for the area's revitalization.

Among others, Guillermo Dupaix investigated the site in the early 19th century, J. M. García published a description of the site in 1859, and A. F. Bandelier visited and published further descriptions in the 1890s.

David Cox ( 29 April 1783 – 7 June 1859 ) was an English landscape painter, one of the most important members of the Birmingham School of landscape artists and an early precursor of impressionism.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton ( November 12, 1815 – October 26, 1902 ) was an American social activist, abolitionist, and leading figure of the early woman's movement.

A number of the early editions carried an introduction by Rev James Sherman, a Congregational minister in London noted for his abolitionist views.

He discerned very quickly the inequality between races, writing in later years " I early came to the conclusion that something was wrong … and determined me … to be an abolitionist.

* Gamaliel Bailey ( 1807 – 59 ), journalist and early abolitionist.

* Jane Grey Swisshelm, abolitionist and leading figure of the early woman's movement

Greene County, like much of East Tennessee, was home to a strong abolitionist movement in the early 19th century.

In 1768, recognizing Allen's early genius, Chew sold Allen, then eight years old, and all members of his immediate family to Stokley Sturgis, a known abolitionist and owner of a neighboring property in Delaware.

In 1768, Chew sold Richard Allen, along with all members of his family, to his friend, neighbor and early abolitionist, Stokeley Sturgis.

He was the son of Charles Pinckney Sumner, a progressive Harvard-educated lawyer, abolitionist, and early proponent of racially integrated schools, who shocked 19th century Boston by opposing anti-miscegenation laws.

In spite of its anti-secessionist sentiments, the Whig was staunchly pro-slavery in the early days of the Civil War but, upon Brownlow's return from exile in 1863, the paper adopted an abolitionist stance.

The reference library contains material from early in the abolitionist movement to the present day.

Most early modern noncriminal forced labor, before the rise of abolitionist movements in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, generally was the lifelong work of slaves from Africa on plantations in the Western hemisphere.

Roberts was a staunch abolitionist and early Free Methodists derived their name in part from their opposition to slavery.

A daughter of the early abolitionist Hezekiah Joslyn, Gage was the wife of Henry Hill Gage, with whom she had five children: Charles Henry ( who died in infancy ), Helen Leslie, Thomas Clarkson, Julia Louise, and Maud.

Bok's autobiography, Escape from Slavery: The True Story of My Ten Years in Captivity and My Journey to Freedom in America, published by St. Martin's Press, chronicles his life, from his early youth, his years in captivity, to his work in the United States as an abolitionist.

American physician Benjamin Rush, a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence and early abolitionist, used the term negritude to describe a hypothetical disease which he believed to be a mild form of leprosy, whose only cure was to become white.

East Tennessee was home to one of the nation's first abolitionist movements, which arose in the early 19th century.

The writings of William Lloyd Garrison and Lydia Maria Child were particularly influential to Higginson's abolitionist enthusiasm during the early 1840s.

Sarah ’ s early experiences with education shaped her future as an abolitionist and feminist.

In factual detail, the text describes the events of his life and is considered to be one of the most influential pieces of literature to fuel the abolitionist movement of the early 19th century in the United States.

During his early life, Jackson was active as an abolitionist.

In an 1883 article in The North American Review titled " Woman as Inventor ", the early feminist and abolitionist Matilda Joslyn Gage claimed that Greene suggested to Whitney the use of a brush-like component instrumental in separating out the seeds and cotton.

* Lysander Spooner, early American libertarian, abolitionist, writer, anarchist

The college is named for Samuel J. Kirkwood, an early abolitionist and Iowa's Civil War governor.