Although Tylor undertook a field trip to Mexico, both he and Frazer derived most of the material for their comparative studies through extensive reading, not fieldwork, mainly the Classics ( literature and history of Greece and Rome ), the work of the early European folklorists, and reports from missionaries, travelers, and contemporaneous ethnologists.

In early 1776, Thomas Paine argued in the closing pages of the first edition of Common Sense that the “ custom of nations ” demanded a formal declaration of American independence if any European power were to mediate a peace between the Americans and Great Britain.

In the late eighteenth century and early nineteenth century, agrarianism felt the influence of the European Romanticism movement.

It may be an exaggerated form of an instinctive response that helped early humans to survive, or a cultural phenomenon that is most common in predominantly European societies.

The early translators included Mashallah, who helped to elect the time for the foundation of Baghdad, and Sahl ibn Bishr, ( a. k. a. Zael ), whose texts were directly influential upon later European astrologers such as Guido Bonatti in the 13th century, and William Lilly in the 17th century.

Well known armour types in European history include the lorica hamata, lorica squamata, and the lorica segmentata of the Roman legions, the mail hauberk of the early medieval age, and the full steel plate harness worn by later medieval and renaissance knights, and breast and back plates worn by heavy cavalry in several European countries until the first year of World War I ( 1914 – 15 ).

Probably the most recognised style of armour in the World became the plate armour associated with the knights of the European Late Middle Ages, but continuing to the early 17th century Age of Enlightenment in all European countries.

Back and breast plates continued to be used throughout the entire period of the 18th century and through Napoleonic times, in many European ( heavy ) cavalry units, until the early 20th century.

Early Native Americans utilized a number of cooking methods in early American Cuisine, that have been blended with early European cooking methods to form the basis of American Cuisine.

* Select nationalities of Europe and the respective developments from early modern European cuisine of the colonial age:

The concept of playing solo steel-string guitar in a concert setting was introduced in the early 1960s by such performers as Davey Graham and John Fahey, who used country blues fingerpicking techniques to compose original compositions with structures somewhat like European classical music.

Celsius traveled frequently in the early 1730s, including to Germany, Italy, and France, when he visited most of the major European observatories.

Including early European traders and other Native Alaskan cultures.

Soviet-style centralised planning in five-year blocks had more immediate benefits there than in the other European states where it was first applied in the early 1950s.

The privateer-turned-pirate Henry Jennings and his followers decided, early in the 18th century, to use the then uninhabited island of New Providence as a base for their operations ; it was within easy reach of the Florida Strait and its busy shipping lanes, which were filled with European vessels crossing the Atlantic.

The early European presence in Cameroon was primarily devoted to coastal trade and the acquisition of slaves.

The medieval European Knights Templar ran an early prototype of a central banking system, as their promises to pay were widely respected, and many regard their activities as having laid the basis for the modern banking system.

Composting was imported to America by various followers of these early European movements in the form of persons such as J. I.

The expression " Common Era " can be found as early as 1708 in English, and traced back to Latin usage among European Christians to 1615, as vulgaris aerae, and to 1635 in English as Vulgar Era.

Columbanus ( 540 – 23 November 615 ;, meaning " the white dove ") was an Irish missionary notable for founding a number of monasteries on the European continent from around 590 in the Frankish and Lombard kingdoms, most notably Luxeuil ( in present-day France ) and Bobbio ( Italy ), and stands as an exemplar of Irish missionary activity in early medieval Europe.

In the early days of European settlement in North Dakota, American beavers were the most valued and sought after furbearers, though other species were also taken, including coyotes.

Medieval military doctrine employed them as part of a combined-arms force along with various kinds of foot troops ; however medieval chroniclers tended to pay undue attention to the knights at the expense of the rank and file, which led early students of military history to suppose that this heavy cavalry was the only force that mattered on medieval European battlefields, which was not the case.

For example, one of the most famous early maps of North America is unofficially known as the " Beaver Map ", published in 1715 by Herman Moll.

An archipelago in the region of the Falkland Islands appeared on Portuguese maps from the early 16th century.

The evidence is found in two early maps, one made by the Portuguese cartographer Pedro Reinel in about 1522, the very first map to show the Falklands, the other a French copy of a Portuguese map bought in Lisbon by André Thévet ( 1516-1590 ), a Franciscan friar and prolific writer on many subjects ; this copy is now in the manuscript of a large unpublished work by Thevet in the Bibliothèque nationale de France in Paris.

For example: some early medieval manuscripts of Macrobius include maps of the Earth, including the antipodes, zonal maps showing the Ptolemaic climates derived from the concept of a spherical Earth and a diagram showing the Earth ( labeled as globus terrae, the sphere of the Earth ) at the center of the hierarchically ordered planetary spheres.

The early 20th century saw the development of photozincography, which allowed maps to be split into layers, for example one layer for vegetation and another for water.

In the early 1960s, Alexander Grothendieck introduced étale maps into algebraic geometry as algebraic analogues of local analytic isomorphisms in analytic geometry.

Other names seen on old maps include Caterlaugh or Caterlagh, archaic designations of County Carlow, in the days before much of the north of that county was taken into Wicklow in the early 17th century.

The known history of Mauritius begins with its discovery by Europeans and its appearance on maps in the early 16th century.

* Historical Maps from the Hargrett Library Collection ( University of Georgia )-browse over 1000 maps from as early as 1544.

Racial ideology is not to be found entirely in maps of colonialization, it is also seen within the biopolitics of the early 19th century with the rise of the “ population ” as a unit of analysis, and a governmental concern with health and crime that led attempts to understand, and categorize, the population.

The Baja California peninsula appears on some early maps as an island but was later discovered to be attached to the mainland of North America.

One feature classification, regio, was originally used on early maps of the Moon and Mercury ( drawn from telescopic observations ) to describe vague albedo features.

Two Polish slave janitors of Peenemünde's Camp Trassenheide in early 1943 provided maps, sketches and reports to Polish Home Army Intelligence, and in June 1943 British intelligence had received two such reports which identified the " rocket assembly hall ', ' experimental pit ', and ' launching tower '.

The Island of South Georgia is said to have been first sighted in 1675 by Anthony de la Roché, a London merchant, and was named Roche Island on a number of early maps.

Astronomical models of the universe were proposed soon after astronomy began with the Babylonian astronomers, who viewed the universe as a flat disk floating in the ocean, and this forms the premise for early Greek maps like those of Anaximander and Hecataeus of Miletus.

Spanish explorers were sailing into the area of Mobile Bay as early as 1500, with the bay being marked on early maps as the Bahía del Espíritu Santo ( Bay of the Holy Spirit ).

Although the use of the graduated scale and grid reference for maps was not thoroughly described until the published work of Pei Xiu ( 224 – 271 CE ), there is evidence that in the early 2nd century CE, cartographer Zhang Heng was the first to use scales and grids for maps.

The lake was generally labeled " Lac des Hurons " ( Lake of the Huron ) on most early European maps.

In the early 16th century Cape Canaveral was noted on maps, although without being named.

Underestimating the strength of Allied forces on Guadalcanal, Ichiki's unit conducted a nighttime frontal assault on Marine positions at Alligator Creek ( often called the " Ilu River " on U. S. Marine maps ) on the east side of the Lunga perimeter in the early morning hours of August 21.

Since the early days of surveying, this was the primary method of determining accurate positions of objects for topographic maps of large areas.