Some theories have been put forward that the anthropocentric belief in animism among early humans was the basis for the later evolution of religions.

The discovery of the cosmic microwave background in 1965 lent strong support to the Big Bang model, and since the precise measurements of the cosmic microwave background by the Cosmic Background Explorer in the early 1990s, few cosmologists have seriously proposed other theories of the origin and evolution of the cosmos.

Some scholars argue that conspiracy theories once limited to fringe audiences have become commonplace in mass media, contributing to conspiracism emerging as a cultural phenomenon in the United States of the late 20th and early 21st centuries, and the possible replacement of democracy by conspiracy as the dominant paradigm of political action in the public mind.

Social critics have adopted this term to refer to how the synthesis of paranoid conspiracy theories, which were once limited to American fringe audiences, has given them mass appeal and enabled them to become commonplace in mass media, thereby inaugurating an unrivaled period of people actively preparing for apocalyptic millenarian scenarios in the United States of the late 20th and early 21st centuries.

While it is clear that the Christmas tree originates in Renaissance and early modern Germany, there are a number of speculative theories as to its ultimate origin.

He met the influential early neoclassical painter Raphael Mengs ( 1728 – 1779 ), and through Mengs was introduced to the pathbreaking theories of art historian Johann Joachim Winckelmann ( 1717 – 1768 ).

Although most of the relevant tissues and endocrine glands had been identified by early anatomists, a more humoral approach to understanding biological function and disease was favoured by the ancient Greek and Roman thinkers such as Aristotle, Hippocrates, Lucretius, Celsus, and Galen, according to Freeman et al., and these theories held sway until the advent of germ theory, physiology, and organ basis of pathology in the 19th century.

What early philosophers described as empiricist and empirical research have in common is the dependence on observable data to formulate and test theories and come to conclusions.

He rejected psychoanalytical theories that posited innate or early sexuality as the cause of mental illness, and rejected philosophical speculation as unscientific.

His reactions to the prevailing theories and practices in education, corrections made to these philosophies, and recommendations to teachers and administrators to embrace “ the new education ,” provide a vital account of the history of the development of educational thinking in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. 4 Dewey placed so called pragmatism above moral absolutes and helped give rise to situational ethics.

Epicurus emphasized the senses in his epistemology, and his Principle of Multiple Explanations (" if several theories are consistent with the observed data, retain them all ") is an early contribution to the philosophy of science.

From the early modern period till the late twentieth century, the two dominant varieties of foundationalist theories were rationalism and empiricism ( or British empiricism ), both of which are internalist views.

Tenets from both theories were applied to biology and formed the basis of early evolutionary theory.

Subsequent research by the likes of Hutton and Heselton has shown that in fact the New Forest coven was probably only formed in the early 20th century, based upon such sources as folk magic and the theories of Margaret Murray.

* Italian Lazzaro Spallanzani ( 1729 – 99 ) was among early physicians to disregard Galen's theories, and in 1780 he gave experimental proof on the action of gastric juice on foodstuffs.

Renowned psychologist B. F. Skinner's theories of behavior were highly influential on many early instructional theorists because their hypotheses can be tested fairly easily with the scientific process.

Scholastic philosophers like St. Thomas Aquinas, based on Aristotle's theories, produced early labor values theories.

Developed by, and named for, the Russian revolutionary Vladimir Lenin ( Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, 1870 – 1924 ), Leninism comprises political and socialist economic theories, developed from Marxism, and Lenin ’ s interpretations of Marxist theory, for practical application to the socio-political conditions of the agrarian Russian Empire ( 1721 – 1917 ) of the early 20th century.

Influential in the early days of Modernism were the theories of Sigmund Freud ( 1856 – 1939 ), and Ernst Mach ( 1838 – 1916 ).

In the early 20th century it was shaped by David Hilbert's program to prove the consistency of foundational theories.

In the early 1990s, it was shown that the various superstring theories were related by dualities which allow the description of an object in one super string theory to be related to the description of a different object in another super string theory.

Such are distinguished from mathematical formalisms for theories developed prior to the early 1900s by the use of abstract mathematical structures, such as infinite-dimensional Hilbert spaces and operators on these spaces.

Most theories see the nation state as a 19th-century European phenomenon, facilitated by developments such as mass literacy and the early mass media.

The logical works of Aristotle were compiled into six books in about the early 1st century AD:

But Sapir had since become influenced by a current of logical positivism, such as that of Bertrand Russel and the early Ludwig Wittgenstein, particularly through Ogden and Richards ' The Meaning of Meaning, from which he adopted the a view that natural language potentially obscures, rather than facilitates, the mind to perceive and describe the world as it really is.

As early as 1886 he saw that logical operations could be carried out by electrical switching circuits ; the same idea as was used decades later to produce digital computers.

Kant credited Hume with waking him up from his " dogmatic slumbers " and Hume has proved extremely influential on subsequent philosophy, especially on utilitarianism, logical positivism, William James, philosophy of science, early analytic philosophy, cognitive philosophy, and other movements and thinkers.

Logical empiricism ( aka logical positivism or neopositivism ) was an early 20th century attempt to synthesize the essential ideas of British empiricism ( e. g. a strong emphasis on sensory experience as the basis for knowledge ) with certain insights from mathematical logic that had been developed by Gottlob Frege and Ludwig Wittgenstein.

In the Bab Ballads and his early plays, Gilbert developed a unique " topsy-turvy " style in which humour was derived by setting up a ridiculous premise and working out its logical consequences, however absurd.

Therefore, the logical basis for the theory is deeply flawed, since it presumes that early Americans, despite being only a slight fraction of the population of industrial era America and armed with rudimentary tools, were many times more destructive than later historic humans who engaged in the often deliberate eradication of species.

The early Wittgenstein was concerned with the logical relationship between propositions and the world, and believed that by providing an account of the logic underlying this relationship he had solved all philosophical problems.

The main influences on the early logical positivists were the positivist Ernst Mach, Gottlob Frege, Bertrand Russell and the young Ludwig Wittgenstein.

Halliday's early grammatical descriptions of English, called " Notes on Transitivity and Theme in English – Parts 1 – 3 " include reference to " four components in the grammar of English representing four functions that the language as a communication system is required to carry out: the experiential, the logical, the discoursal and the speech functional or interpersonal ".

As with the study of ethics, early analytic philosophy tended to avoid the study of philosophy of religion, largely dismissing ( as per the logical positivists view ) the subject as part of metaphysics and therefore meaningless.

Joseph made ruler in Egypt after logical and true interpreter of Pharaoh's Dream, early 1900s Bible illustration from the Old Testament.

Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations.

In the early 20th century, David Hilbert led a program to axiomatize all of mathematics with precise axioms and precise logical rules of deduction which could be performed by a machine.

In the early 20th century, logical positivism — a stricter version of Comte's basic thesis but a broadly independent movement — sprang up in Vienna and grew to become one of the dominant movements in Anglo-American philosophy and the analytic tradition.

In early 1775, Don Antonio María de Bucareli y Ursúa, Viceroy of New Spain, authorized the establishment of two additional mission sites, one of these to be placed at a logical halfway point between Mission San Diego de Alcalá and Mission San Gabriel Arcángel.

The group considered themselves logical positivists because they believed all knowledge is either derived through experience or arrived at through analytic statements, and they adopted the predicate logic of Frege, as well as the early work of Ludwig Wittgenstein ( 1889 – 1951 ) as foundations to their work.

Historically, it represents the logical end of a line of development, not an early stage of another.

For example, displaying the Gantt chart view by default encourages users to focus on timed task scheduling too early, rather than identifying objectives, deliverables and the imposed logical progress of events ( dig the trench first to put in the drain pipe ).

The emergence of logical positivism and its verifiability criterion of meaning early in the 20th century led some philosophers to conclude that ethical statements, being incapable of empirical verification, were cognitively meaningless.

The Łukasiewicz curriculum emphasized the early acquisition of logical and mathematical concepts.

: The first great heretic broke drastically with the faith of the early church in abandoning the doctrine of the imminent, personal return of Christ … Marcion did not believe in a real incarnation, and consequently there was no logical place in his system for a real Second Coming … Marcion expected the majority of mankind to be lost … he denied the validity of the Old Testament and its Law … As the first great heretic, Marcion developed and perfected his heterodox system before orthodoxy had fully defined itself … Marcion represents a movement that so radically transformed the Christian doctrine of God and Christ that it can hardly be said to be Christian.

The Categories and On Interpretation are the only significant logical works that were available in the early Middle Ages.

Clearly, his early work on the expansion of the planetary nebulae and the fact that those objects result from the ejection of the outer layers of stars-the dynamical dissolution of star clusters via evaporation and of associations-created a logical background for his radical conclusion that the basic evolutionary processes in the Universe are not contraction and condensation.