After 1945 the Bank pursued the multiple goals of Keynesian economics, especially " easy money " and low interest rates to support aggregate demand.

For a period of time the Chinese attempted to become self-reliant, but found that in doing so the country could not break even economically, especially when attempting to maintain a communist vision when it came to economics.

Also in 1926, Frisch published an article outlining his view that economics should follow the same path towards theoretical and empirical quantization that other sciences, especially physics, had followed.

The document is an overview of the Catholic Church's teachings about humanity's relationship to society, especially in reference to economics, poverty, social justice, culture, science, technology and ecumenism.

* Economists and political scientists often associate the term with approaches using rational choice assumptions, especially game theory and social choice theory, in explaining phenomena beyond economics ' standard remit, such as corruption, government failure and complex decision-making in which context the term " positive political economy " is common.

For instance, the definition and ontology of economics ( also sometimes called the political economy ) is hotly debated especially in Marxist economics where it is a primary concern, but also in other subfields.

In legal theory, especially in the theory of law and economics, heuristics are used in the law when case-by-case analysis would be impractical, insofar as " practicality " is defined by the interests of a governing body.

The law is also very much related to economics and business management, especially with competitive companies looking to merge with one another.

In the fall of 1938, the increased pressure on Jewish property nourished the party's ambition, especially since Hjalmar Schacht had been ousted as Reich minister for economics. This, however, was only one aspect of the origin of the November 1938 pogrom.

The range of scholarly interest in creativity includes a multitude of definitions and approaches involving several disciplines ; psychology, cognitive science, education, philosophy ( particularly philosophy of science ), technology, theology, sociology, linguistics, business studies, and economics, taking in the relationship between creativity and general intelligence, mental and neurological processes associated with creativity, the relationships between personality type and creative ability and between creativity and mental health, the potential for fostering creativity through education and training, especially as augmented by technology, and the application of creative resources to improve the effectiveness of learning and teaching processes.

This may easily cause poor economic policies, especially since individual voters have few incentives to make the effort of studying societal economics instead of relying on their intuitions since an individual's vote count for so little and since politicians may be reluctant to take a stand against intuitive views that are incorrect but widely held.

He opposed Socialist economics and especially Soviet forms.

Throughout his career his main focus was on international economics, especially monetary policy, macroeconomic development, growth and international trade.

Al-Faruqi died in 1986, but his program has already had a profound effect, especially on Islamic economics, which operates under traditional zero-interest, participatory labor-capital structures, and supports stronger community control of land ( as in the traditional practices of haram and hima, the equivalent of the modern watershed protection and wilderness reserve laws ).

A founding father of, among other fields, economics and public administration as academic disciplines, he concentrated especially in these fields, giving advice on practical matters to people in government, and stressing the professional nature of university education.

Risk aversion is a concept in psychology, economics, and finance, based on the behavior of humans ( especially consumers and investors ) while exposed to uncertainty to attempt to reduce that uncertainty.

Feminist economists say that mainstream economics has been disproportionately developed by European-descended, heterosexual, middle and upper-middle class men, and that this has led to suppression of the life experiences of the full diversity of the world's people, especially women, children and those in non-traditional families.

A cornerstone of Keynesian economics, they are especially common during time of high unemployment.

A founding father of, among other fields, economics and public administration as academic disciplines, he concentrated especially in these fields, giving advice on practical matters to people in government, and stressing the professional nature of university education.

In economics, " dumping " is a kind of predatory pricing, especially in the context of international trade.

Supply side economics, especially the idea of reducing higher marginal income tax rates, received heavy criticism from senior editor Jonathan Chait.

A lead – lag effect, especially in economics, describes the situation where one ( leading ) variable is correlated with the values of another ( lagging ) variable at later times.

This is derived from Keynesian economics, and has been the mainstream economics view ( in the Anglo-Saxon world especially ) since Keynesian economics was developed and largely accepted in the Great Depression in the 1930s.

Most of these institutes focus on a form of economics called macroeconomics which keeps its eyes on things such as inflation: the rate at which money loses its value over time ; growth: how much money a government has and how quickly it accrues money ; unemployment, and rates of trade between other countries.

The economics of a depression were the spur for the creation of " macroeconomics " as a separate discipline field of study.

After 1941, he continued to publish works on the economics of information, political philosophy, the theory of law, and psychology, but seldom on macroeconomics.

With microeconomics, macroeconomics is one of the two most general fields in economics.

He made a number of significant advances in the field of economics and coined a number of new words including econometrics and macroeconomics.

Post-Keynesian economists are united in maintaining that Keynes's theory is seriously misrepresented by the two other principal Keynesian schools: neo-Keynesian economics which was orthodox in the 1950s and 60s – and by New Keynesian economics, which together with various strands of neoclassical economics has been dominant in mainstream macroeconomics since the 1980s.

CofFEE's work is on Post-Keynesian macroeconomics, labour economics, regional development and monetary economics.

Buchanan's work includes extensive writings on public finance, the public debt, voting, rigorous analysis of the theory of logrolling, macroeconomics, constitutional economics.

The controversy widened from deflation versus demand management as a solution to the economic problems of the day, to broader conceptions of economics and macroeconomics.

Apart from the behavioral theory of the firm, Applications of the idea of satisficing behavior in economics include the Akerlof and Yellen model of Menu costs popular in New Keynesian macroeconomics.

New Keynesian economics is a school of contemporary macroeconomics that strives to provide microeconomic foundations for Keynesian economics.

That is, that conventional economics and particularly macroeconomics already accounts for the relationship between productivity and the freedom to enjoy that productivity.

As a researcher, Summers has made important contributions in many areas of economics, primarily public finance, labor economics, financial economics, and macroeconomics.

He has published widely in the areas of macroeconomics, development economics, and economic theory.

Today, the paper is one of the most-cited papers in modern economic theory ( more than 8, 530 citations in academic papers as of May 2011 ), and has profoundly influenced economic thinking in virtually every field of economics, from industrial organisation and public finance to macroeconomics and contract theory.

Monetary economics is a branch of economics that historically prefigured and remains integrally linked to macroeconomics.

In particular, Heckman points out that the alleged failures or misapplications of efficient market hypothesis is a fault of Chicago's contributions to financial economics, which are conceptually distinct from its widely praised contributions to microeconomics and macroeconomics.

However, in more recent years, since the end of the Bretton Woods system in 1971, with the increasing influence of Monetarist schools of thought in the 1980s, and particularly in the face of large sustained trade imbalances, these concerns — and particularly concerns about the destabilising effects of large trade surpluses — have largely disappeared from mainstream economics discourse and Keynes ' insights have slipped from view.

Tracing the qualitative and quantitative effects of variables that change supply and demand, whether in the short or long run, is a standard exercise in applied economics.

In a study of the use of econometrics in major economics journals, McCloskey concluded that economists report p values ( following the Fisherian tradition of tests of significance of point null-hypotheses ), neglecting concerns of type II errors ; economists fail to report estimates of the size of effects ( apart from statistical significance ) and to discuss their economic importance.

Ayres and Warr ( 2009 ) are among the economists who criticize orthodox economics for overlooking the role of natural resources and the effects of declining resource capital.

Public economics examines the design of government tax and expenditure policies and economic effects of these policies ( e. g., social insurance programs ).

On the other hand, nanotechnology raises many of the same issues as any new technology, including concerns about the toxicity and environmental impact of nanomaterials, and their potential effects on global economics, as well as speculation about various doomsday scenarios.

The economics of network effects were presented in a paper by Bell employee N. Lytkins in 1917.

And law is economics, because any rule about contract, tort, property law, labour law, company law and many more can have long lasting effects.

The economics of organic farming, a subfield of agricultural economics, encompasses the entire process and effects of organic farming in terms of human society, including social costs, opportunity costs, unintended consequences, information asymmetries, and economies of scale.

In most parts of the world its upbringing was marked by an increase in a neoliberal approach to politics and economics ; the effects of this environment are disputed.

Behavioral economics and the related field, behavioral finance, study the effects of social, cognitive, and emotional factors on the economic decisions of individuals and institutions and the consequences for market prices, returns, and the resource allocation.

As such, feminist economics examine its implications, including the increasing involvement of women in paid care work, the potential for exploitation, and effects on the lives of care workers.

In 1955, following a stint as an economic advisor to the government of Burma, he published the short paper " Economics in a Buddhist Country ," his first known critique of the effects of Western economics on developing countries.

Positive law and economics uses economic analysis to predict the effects of various legal rules.

This view is frequently cited in energy economics and green economics which note that the complexity of society requires more energy subsidy, in both food and fuel form, that leads directly to such effects as deforestation ( wood being the dominant fuel of the Roman Empire ).

The causes and effects of different campaign finance rules are studied in a number of disciplines including political science, economics, and public policy.

< http :// economics. ca / cgi / jab? journal = cpp & view = v07n1 / CPPv07n1p001. pdf > pages 2-5 </ ref > These subsidies had a number of side effects, including larger trade deficits, larger federal budget deficits, higher ' real ' interest rates and higher inflation.

In applied welfare economics, such as in cost-benefit analysis, money-value estimates are often used, particularly where income-distribution effects are factored into the analysis or seem unlikely to undercut the analysis.

The Austrian school of economics focuses on the macroeconomic effects of money supply and how central banking decisions can lead to malinvestment.

While the basic principle of looking at the long term effects on all stake holders is sound, Hazlitt's oversimplification makes this book dangerous to those who don't already have a good grasp of economics.

The renewed industrialization, which based itself on both a dogmatic understanding of Marxian economics and a series of autarkic goals, brought major economic problems to Romania, beginning with the effects of the 1973 oil crisis, and worsened by the 1979 energy crisis.

The conduct and effects of monetary policy and the regulation of the banking system are of central concern to monetary economics.