Of eukaryotic groups, the protists are most commonly unicellular and microscopic.

In many eukaryotic algae, including many species of the Chlorophyta, zygospores are formed by the fusion of unicellular gametes of different mating types.

Plant cells are eukaryotic, ie, have a membrane-encased nucleus that carries genetic material.

There are two types of cells: eukaryotic and prokaryotic.

Prokaryotic cells are usually independent, while eukaryotic cells are often found in multicellular organisms.

nuclei ; from Latin or, meaning kernel ) is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells.

* Nucleus-holds most of the DNA of eukaryotic cells and controls all cellular activities

Chloroplasts () are organelles found in plant cells and other eukaryotic organisms that conduct photosynthesis.

Typically, eukaryotic cells ( cells with nuclei ) have large linear chromosomes and prokaryotic cells ( cells without defined nuclei ) have smaller circular chromosomes, although there are many exceptions to this rule.

In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion.

Chromatin is only found in eukaryotic cells: prokaryotic cells have a very different organization of their DNA which is referred to as a genophore ( a chromosome without chromatin ).

For example spermatozoa and avian red blood cells have more tightly packed chromatin than most eukaryotic cells and trypanosomatid protazoa do not condense their chromatin into visible chromosomes for mitosis.

Often it is desirable to make prokaryotic cells express eukaryotic genes.

The mechanism which eukaryotic cells employ is quite different from that in bacteria ; however, sensing of chemical gradients is still a crucial step in the process.

In contrast to prokaryotes, the size of eukaryotic cells allows for the possibility of detecting gradients, which results in a dynamic and polarized distribution of receptors.

Some eukaryotic cells of higher vertebrate origin, such as immune cells also move to where they need to be.

Unlike motility in bacterial chemotaxis, the mechanism by which eukaryotic cells physically move is unclear.

Cilia of eukaryotic cells can also produce chemotaxis ; in this case it is mainly a Ca < sup > 2 +</ sup > dependent induction of the microtubular system of the basal body and the beat of the 9 + 2 microtubules within cilia.

These microtubules provide structure and facilitate movement of vesicles and organelles within many eukaryotic cells.

A cilium ( Latin for eyelash ; the plural is cilia ) is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells.

There are two competing groups of models for the evolutionary origin of the eukaryotic flagellum ( referred to as cilium below to distinguish it from its bacterial counterpart ).

It is found at the base of a eukaryotic undulipodium ( cilium or flagellum ) and serves as a nucleation site for the growth of the axoneme microtubules.

MTOCs associated with the base of a eukaryotic cillium or flagellum are typically termed basal bodies, otherwise they are called centrioles.

A flagellum (; plural: flagella ) is a lash-like appendage that protrudes from the cell body of certain prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

There are large differences between different types of flagellum ; the prokaryotic and eukaryotic flagella differ greatly in protein composition, structure, and mechanism of propulsion, however both are used for swimming.

An example of a eukaryotic flagellate cell is the mammalian sperm cell, which uses its flagellum to propel itself through the female reproductive tract.

A eukaryotic flagellum is a bundle of nine fused pairs of microtubule doublets surrounding two central single microtubules.

The so-called " 9 + 2 " structure is characteristic of the core of the eukaryotic flagellum called an axoneme.

At the base of a eukaryotic flagellum is a basal body, " blepharoplast " or kinetosome, which is the microtubule organizing center ( MTOC ) for flagellar microtubules and is about 500 nanometers long.

Kinetoplastids are eukaryotic and possess normal eukaryotic organelles, for example the nucleus, mitochondrion, golgi apparatus and flagellum.

Schematic of the eukaryotic flagellum.

One difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic genes is that eukaryotic genes can contain introns ( intervening DNA sequences ) which are not coding sequences, in contrast with exons, which are DNA coding sequences.

The endomembrane system is composed of the different membranes that are suspended in the cytoplasm within a eukaryotic cell.

Such methods are useful tools for biologists in many areas of research, including those who study the mechanisms of human and other diseases or fundamental biological processes in eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells.

In biology, histones are highly alkaline proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei that package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes.

For example, introns are extremely common within the nuclear genome of higher vertebrates ( e. g. humans and mice ), where protein-coding genes almost always contain multiple introns, while introns are rare within the nuclear genes of some eukaryotic microorganisms, for example baker's / brewer's yeast ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae ).

In contrast, the mitochondrial genomes of vertebrates are entirely devoid of introns, while those of eukaryotic microorganisms may contain many introns.

Introns are well known in bacterial and archaeal genes, but occur more rarely than in most eukaryotic genomes.

In addition to serving as a primary component of cellular membranes and binding sites for intra-and intercellular proteins, some glycerophospholipids in eukaryotic cells, such as phosphatidylinositols and phosphatidic acids are either precursors of or, themselves, membrane-derived second messengers.

An example of larger-scale transfers are the eukaryotic bdelloid rotifers, which appear to have received a range of genes from bacteria, fungi, and plants.

In eukaryotic organisms, most messenger RNA ( mRNA ) molecules are polyadenylated at the 3 ' end.

Messages that are being actively translated are bound by ribosomes, the eukaryotic initiation factors eIF-4E and eIF-4G, and poly ( A )- binding protein.

Unicellular eukaryotes are those eukaryotic organisms that consist of a single cell throughout their life cycle.