Basic theories, such as arithmetic, real analysis and complex analysis are often introduced non-axiomatically, but implicitly or explicitly there is generally an assumption that the axioms being used are the axioms of Zermelo – Fraenkel set theory with choice, abbreviated ZFC, or some very similar system of axiomatic set theory like Von Neumann – Bernays – Gödel set theory, a conservative extension of ZFC.

bell hooks argues that black nationalism was largely a patriarchical and misogynist movement, seeking to overcome racial divisions by strengthening sexist ones, and that it readily latched onto the idea of the emasculating black matriarch proposed by Daniel Patrick Moynihan, whose theories bell hooks often criticizes.

Third, conspiracy theories are often presented as special, secret knowledge unknown or unappreciated by others.

Conspiracy theorists on the internet are often dismissed as a " fringe " group, but evidence suggests that a broad cross section of Americans today — traversing ethnic, gender, education, occupation, and other divides — gives credence to at least some conspiracy theories.

In political economy, horizontal-collectivism is often associated with the economic theories of socialism, which call for some form of co-operative or collective ownership of the means of production and collective decision-making or worker's self-management within economic enterprises.

Teleological theories are often discussed in opposition to deontological ethical theories, which hold that acts themselves are inherently good or evil, regardless of the consequences of acts.

* The use of color by the Impressionists relied on new theories they developed, such as having shadows painted with the reflected light of surrounding, and often unseen, objects.

Dualism is often cited within these groups, along with ideas of oneness, wholeness and theories of multiple intelligences.

These philosophers often view aesthetics, etiquette, and arbitration as more fundamental, percolating " bottom up " to imply the existence of, rather than explicitly prescribe, theories of value or of conduct.

Some have noticed the conflicting themes that occur often throughout Qoheleth's thoughts and presented a few theories.

In first-order theories, predicates are often associated with sets.

Another possibility is that more than one of these theories is correct, since writers very often base their characters on a composite of several people ( real or equally fictitious ) of whom they have knowledge.

Many alternative, often contradictory, theories have been proposed regarding the pyramid's construction techniques.

It is commonly believed that this matching is unlikely to be a coincidence, and is often quoted as one of the main motivations to further investigate supersymmetric theories despite the fact that no supersymmetric partner particles have been experimentally observed ( March 2011 ).

While Grothendieck topologies are most often used to define cohomology theories, they have found other applications as well, such as to John Tate's theory of rigid analytic geometry.

New Trade theories are often based on assumptions such as monopolistic competition and increasing returns to scale.

Learning theories often inform instructional theory, and three general theoretical stances take part in this influence: behaviorism ( learning as response acquisition ), cognitivism ( learning as knowledge acquisition ), and constructivism ( learning as knowledge construction ).

In their book Trust Us, We're Experts ( 2001 ), they write that industries have launched multi-million-dollar campaigns to position certain theories as " junk science " in the popular mind, often failing to employ the scientific method themselves.

In order to confer medical authority upon themselves, doctors of the day often published their theories, clinical findings, and pharmacopoeia ( collections of " receipts " or prescriptions ).

In contrast to philosophers, Marx offered theories that could often be tested with the scientific method.

Such generalizations are often called Yang – Mills theories.

Nonetheless, KK remains an important touchstone in theoretical physics and is often embedded in more sophisticated theories.

Since medical literature began to describe homosexuality, it has often been approached from a view that sought to find an inherent psychopathology as the root cause, influenced by the theories of Sigmund Freud.

The conflict between the theories assuming humans are born with syntactic knowledge and those that claim all such knowledge is the product of learning from one's environment is often referred to as the " Nature vs. Nurture " debate.

Marx's theories about society, economics and politics — collectively known as Marxism — hold that all societies progress through the dialectic of class struggle: a conflict between an ownership class which controls production and a lower class which produces the labour for goods.

It is based partially on earlier theories by Marx and Lenin, but rejects the urban proletariat and Leninist emphasis on heavy industrialization in favor of a revolution supported by the peasantry, and a decentralized agrarian economy based on many collectively worked farms.

The term " classical " refers not only to the chronology of these models but also contrasts with the more recent psychometric theories, generally referred to collectively as item response theory, which sometimes bear the appellation " modern " as in " modern latent trait theory ".

Aflaq's theories about society, economics and politics, which are collectively known as Ba ' athism, hold that the Arab world needs to be unified into one Arab Nation in order to achieve an advanced state of development.

Such theories are collectively referred to as pyramidology.

Al-Arsuzi's theories about society, language and nationalism, which are collectively part of Ba ' athist thought, hold that the Arab Nation will be unified, when the Arab people reestablish the Arab identity they have lost over the past one thousand years.

Modern theories give weight to intuition, perceptually observed properties, comparisons of categories among persons, and the direction of investigation towards known specified ends, to determine what humanity in its present state of being needs to consider irreducible.

He is considered " the architect " of a new brand of socialist thinking, having developed Socialism with Chinese characteristics and led Chinese economic reform through a synthesis of theories that became known as the " socialist market economy ".

There is no fundamental limit known to these wavelengths or energies, at either end of the spectrum, although photons with energies near the Planck energy or exceeding it ( far too high to have ever been observed ) will required new physical theories to describe.

This theory, completed in the 1940s, is known as quantum electrodynamics ( or " QED "), and, in situations where perturbation theory is applicable, is one of the most accurate theories known to physics.

He worried about the absence of older fossils because of the implications on the validity of his theories, but he expressed hope that such fossils would be found, noting that: " only a small portion of the world is known with accuracy.

The origins of the terms are not known with certainty, and several anecdotal theories have been advanced to identify them.

Foundationalism is any theory in epistemology ( typically, theories of justification, but also of knowledge ) that holds that beliefs are justified ( known, etc.

Before 1995 there were five known consistent superstring theories ( henceforth referred to as string theories ), which were given the names Type I string theory, Type IIA string theory, Type IIB string theory, heterotic SO ( 32 ) ( the HO string ) theory, and heterotic E < sub > 8 </ sub >× E < sub > 8 </ sub > ( the HE string ) theory.

Particularist theories organize things already known and attempt to use these particulars of knowledge to find a method of how we know, thus answering the second question set.

Psychiatrist David Healy has criticised pharmaceutical companies for promoting simplified biological theories of mental illness that seem to imply the primacy of pharmaceutical treatments while ignoring social and developmental factors which are known to be important influences in the aetiology of psychosis.

However, it leads to a fairly simple picture of the vacuum state and is not easily amenable to use in some quantum field theories, such as quantum chromodynamics which is known to have a complicated vacuum characterized by many different condensates.

Where, for ordinary field theories such as quantum electrodynamics, a technique known as renormalization is an integral part of deriving predictions which take into account higher-energy contributions, gravity turns out to be nonrenormalizable: at high energies, applying the recipes of ordinary quantum field theory yields models that are devoid of all predictive power.

It is unclear how Aquidneck Island came to be known as Rhode Island, although there are two popular theories.

Some of these theories posit that " Robin Hood " or " Robert Hood " or the like was his actual name ; others suggest that this may have been merely a nickname disguising a medieval bandit perhaps known to history under another name.

Bergler based his theories partly on analysis of the novels of literary figures known to be gay.

Papert worked on learning theories, and is known for focusing on the impact of new technologies on learning in general and in schools as learning organizations in particular.

The first are known as " liberal " or " conservative " theories, which treat capitalism as a given, and then concentrate on the function of states in capitalist society.

Today scurvy is known to be caused by a nutritional deficiency, but until the isolation of vitamin C and its direct link to scurvy in 1932, numerous theories and treatments were proposed, often on little or no experimental data.

String theories also require the existence of several extra dimensions to the universe that have been compactified into extremely small scales, in addition to the four known spacetime dimensions.

String theories that include fermionic vibrations are now known as superstring theories ; several kinds have been described, but all are now thought to be different limits of M-theory.

Over time, the term stuck in popularizations of quantum physics to describe a theory that would unify or explain through a single model the theories of all fundamental interactions and of all particles of nature: general relativity for gravitation, and the standard model of elementary particle physics — which includes quantum mechanics — for electromagnetism, the two nuclear interactions, and the known elementary particles.