In 1907 Culin unified his 14 years of theories and ideas in the seminal work " Games of North American Indians ", using the categories games of skill and games of chance to organize the work.

She has since been a featured speaker at UFO conferences, helped organize the first international conference on extraterrestrials in Finland and authored books about UFOs, alien abductions, mind control and conspiracy theories.

Emerging theories of social evolution allowed Europeans to organize their new knowledge in a way that reflected and justified their increasing political and economic domination of others: colonized people were less-evolved, colonizing people were more evolved.

It was decided to organize schools to teach the theories of military science and of international military law, as adopted by the FARC-EP, to the higher ranking guerrillas.

That is, by obvious dramatizing, the media reinforces the idea that all things are contrived for someone's gain which could be another definition of, at least, political conspiracies theories.

Gauss also made important contributions to number theory with his 1801 book Disquisitiones Arithmeticae ( Latin, Arithmetical Investigations ), which, among things, introduced the symbol ≡ for congruence and used it in a clean presentation of modular arithmetic, contained the first two proofs of the law of quadratic reciprocity, developed the theories of binary and ternary quadratic forms, stated the class number problem for them, and showed that a regular heptadecagon ( 17-sided polygon ) can be constructed with straightedge and compass.

The word is most commonly used in medical and philosophical theories, where it is used to refer to the study of why things occur, or even the reasons behind the way that things act, and is used in philosophy, physics, psychology, government, medicine, theology and biology in reference to the causes of various phenomena.

Despite the classical precedents, which Machiavelli was not the only one to promote in his time, Machiavelli's realism and willingness to argue that good ends justify bad things, is seen as a critical stimulus towards some of the most important theories of modern politics.

Some theories further generalize the idea to include such things as unbounded polytopes ( apeirotopes and tessellations ), and abstract polytopes.

This class of theories holds that the truth or the falsity of a representation is determined in principle solely by how it relates to " things ", by whether it accurately describes those " things ".

Many things can be justified: beliefs, actions, emotions, claims, laws, theories and so on.

For example, no new evidence will demonstrate that the Earth does not orbit around the sun ( heliocentric theory ), or that living things are not made of cells ( cell theory ), that matter is not composed of atoms, or that the surface of the Earth is not divided into solid plates that have moved over geological timescales ( the theory of plate tectonics )... One of the most useful properties of scientific theories is that they can be used to make predictions about natural events or phenomena that have not yet been observed.

Some supersymmetric theories require a cosmological constant that is exactly zero, which further complicates things.

Fort suggests that there is, for example, a Super-Sargasso Sea into which all lost things go, and justifies his theories by noting that they fit the data as well as the conventional explanations.

According to Ferenczi, "… One learned from and from his kind of technique various things that made one ’ s life and work more comfortable: the calm, unemotional reserve ; the unruffled assurance that one knows better ; and the theories, the seeking and finding of the causes of failure in the patient instead of partly in ourselves … and finally the pessimistic view, shared only with a few, that neurotics are a rabble, good only to support us financially and to allow us to learn from their cases: psychoanalysis as a therapy may be worthless " ( Ferenczi, 1995, pp. 185 – 186 ).

Nathan Glazer writes that although Afrocentricity can mean many things, the popular press has generally given most attention to its most outlandish theories.

For example, no new evidence will demonstrate that the Earth does not orbit around the sun ( heliocentric theory ), or that living things are not made of cells ( cell theory ), that matter is not composed of atoms, or that the surface of the Earth is not divided into solid plates that have moved over geological timescales ( the theory of plate tectonics )... One of the most useful properties of scientific theories is that they can be used to make predictions about natural events or phenomena that have not yet been observed.

The Buddha criticized conceiving theories even of a unitary soul or identity immanent in all things as unskillful.

The Buddha criticized conceiving theories even of a unitary soul or identity immanent in all things as unskillful.

He spent his leisure time devising with Philip Christison more up-to-date theories of logistics, staff duties and tactical handling, only to be reprimanded by Lord Gort, the Commandant, for taking things too fast.

The explanatory gap is a term introduced by philosopher Joseph Levine for the difficulty that physicalist theories of mind have in explaining how physical properties give rise to the way things feel when they are experienced.

Black box theories are things defined only in terms of their function.

In the theory of vision the homunculus argument invalidates theories that do not explain ' projection ', the experience that the viewing point is separate from the things that are seen ( adapted from Gregory, 1987 ; 1990 ).

Fétis later applied this same system of ordres to rhythm, “ the least advanced part of music ... great things remain to be discovered .” Though he did not publish these theories in any of his treatises, they appear in several articles for the Revue musicale and in some lectures which had a profound impact on Liszt.

Welfarist theories of value say things that are good are such because of their positive effects on human well-being.

The most common usage refers to analysis or theories which only attempt to describe how things ' are ', as opposed to how they ' should ' be.

Still, in addition to already discussed theories of dualism ( particularly the Christian and Cartesian Models ) there are new theories in the defense of dualism.

These theories encompass the loss of information already retained in long term memory or the inability to encode new information again.

Such conspiracy theories alleged that Salisbury had either actually invented the plot or allowed it to continue when his agents had already infiltrated it, for the purposes of propaganda.

Although he rejected the transcendental / metaphysical interpretation given to these phenomena outright, Braid accepted that these accounts of Oriental practices supported his view that the effects of hypnotism could be produced in solitude, without the presence of any other person ( as he had already proved to his own satisfaction with the experiments he had conducted in November 1841 ); and he saw correlations between many of the " metaphysical " Oriental practices and his own " rational " neuro-hypnotism, and totally rejected all of the fluid theories and magnetic practices of the mesmerists.

Some " modernization theories " of nationalism see the national identity largely as a product of government policy to unify and modernize an already existing state.

He asks why postmodernist intellectuals do not respond like people in other fields when asked, " what are the principles of their theories, on what evidence are they based, what do they explain that wasn't already obvious, etc ?... If requests can't be met, then I'd suggest recourse to Hume's advice in similar circumstances: to the flames.

Occam's razor is used to adjudicate between theories that have already passed " theoretical scrutiny " tests, and which are equally well-supported by the evidence.

In addition to providing predictions about future events, we often take scientific theories to offer explanations for those that occur regularly or have already occurred.

It was founded ( or founded again, if the theories that it was already existing and was even the seat of a Christian bishopric are true ) by the Muslim nobleman Ibn Marwan around 875, after he had been expelled from Mérida.

At 24 years of age, Mao Dun was already renowned as a novelist by the community in general, and in 1920, he and a group of young writers took over the magazine Xiaoshuo Yuebao ( 小说月报 ), which translated means " fiction monthly ", to publish literature by western authors, such as Tolstoy, Chekhov, Balzac, Flaubert, Zola, Byron, Keats, Shaw, etc., and make new theories of literature better known.

To trace their origins, three accepted theories so far have been brought forth among anthropologists, linguists, and historians: firstly, the Hakka are Han Chinese originating solely from the Central Plain in China containing today's Shanxi and Henan provinces ; secondly, the Hakka are Han Chinese from the Central Plain, with some inflow of those already in the south ; or thirdly, the majority of the Hakka are Han Chinese from the south, with portions coming from those in the north.

Such views are in contrast with Max Weinreich's theories, who argued that the Slavic loanwords were assimilated only after the Yiddish was already fully formed.

The thesis has also been criticized from within the fields of tourism, leisure and hospitality studies where theories as to the role of experiences in the economy were already well established prior to the work of Pine and Gilmore but were not acknowledged by Pine and Gilmore in their work.

Lévi-Strauss also critiqued the findings of A. P. Elkin, a specialist on Australia, where totemism had already played a special role in the formation of anthropological and sociological theories and where it exhibits an abundance of forms.

The Manchester Education Union and the National Education League / Birmingham Education League had already formulated in the provinces the two opposing theories, the former standing for the preservation of denominational interests, the latter advocating secular rate-aided education as the only means of protecting Nonconformity against the Church.

European regular armies already employed irregular forces of their own and had extensive theories of how to use and counter guerilla warfare.

For the Stone movement, this had less to do with eschatological theories and more about a countercultural commitment to live as if the kingdom of God were already established on earth.

Though different theories abound as to the exact centuries the kulintang was finally realized, there is a consensus that kulintang music developed from a foreign musical tradition which was borrowed and adapted to the indigenous music tradition already present in the area.

Gordon was more sympathetic to the Māori and had already been dismissed as a " gospel-grinding nigger lover " by retired Native Land Court judge Frederick Maning and a man of " wild democratic theories " by Premier Hall.

Of course, the above equations are already known to be true in many senses, such as in the sense of CW-complex where "+" corresponds to attaching cells, and in the sense of various cohomology theories, where "+" corresponds to the direct sum.

There are also competing theories on whether the Afro-Asiatic language family owes its expansion to the Neolithic revolution that originated in an area that includes the range of the Afro-Asiatic language, or was already widespread in the Upper Paleolithic era.

Paolo Guidotti ( about 1590 ) already attempted to carry out Da Vinci's theories, ending by falling on a house roof and breaking his thigh bone ; but while Francis Godwin was writing his flying romance The Man in the Moone ", Fausto Veranzio is widely believed to have performed a parachute jumping experiment for real and, therefore, to be the first man to build and test a parachute: according to the story passed on, Veranzio, in 1617, now over sixty-five years old, implemented his design and tested the parachute by jumping from St Mark's Campanile in Venice.

Although string theory naturally incorporates Kaluza – Klein theory ( which first introduced the dilaton ), perturbative string theories, such as type I string theory, type II string theory and heterotic string theory, already contain the dilaton in the maximal number of 10 dimensions.