While humans and other organisms generally place less value on future costs / benefits as compared to those in the present, some have shorter time horizons than others and these people tend to be less cooperative.

It examines the biological and social factors that have affected the evolution of humans and other primates, and that generate, maintain or change contemporary genetic and physiological variation.

( Rossum's Universal Robots ) ( 1921 ) – the play that introduced the word robot to the world – were organic artificial humans, the word " robot " has come to primarily refer to mechanical humans, animals, and other beings.

9 of the 20 standard amino acids are called " essential " amino acids for humans because they cannot be created from other compounds by the human body, and so must be taken in as food.

Animism encompasses the beliefs that there is no separation between the spiritual and physical ( or material ) world, and souls or spirits exist, not only in humans, but also in all other animals, plants, rocks, geographic features such as mountains or rivers, or other entities of the natural environment.

According to Tylor, animism often includes " an idea of pervading life and will in nature "; i. e., a belief that natural objects other than humans have souls.

His advocacy of Spiritualism and his belief in a non-material origin for the higher mental faculties of humans strained his relationship with the scientific establishment, especially with other early proponents of evolution.

His friend concurs, but indicates that there is a relevant disanalogy that we can't pretend to know the contents of the mind of God, while we can know the designs of other humans.

Antibacterials are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use, and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated.

AA shares the view that acceptance of one's inherent limitations is critical to finding one's proper place among other humans and God.

The process also kills Pham and strands the other humans on the Tines world, now in the depths of the " Slow Zone " where rescue by an advanced civilization is impossible.

Although alkaloids act on a diversity of metabolic systems in humans and other animals, they almost uniformly invoke a bitter taste.

Moreover they argued that some species have been created for the purpose of being sacrificed and eaten by humans, that it is normal for animals to kill and eat other animals, that agriculture, too, inevitably leads to the death of many animals, that plants are living beings as well and must still be destroyed, that we unintentionally and unknowingly destroy life forms all the time, and that a hunted animal has a fair chance to survive by killing the hunter.

* Glycogen, on the other hand, is an animal carbohydrate ; humans and other animals use it as a form of energy storage.

The study of plants is vital because they are a fundamental part of life on Earth, which generates the oxygen and food that allow humans and other life forms to exist.

The term black people is used in some socially-based systems of racial classification for humans of a dark-skinned phenotype, relative to other racial groups represented in a particular social context.

Another epistemic " rule of thumb " that can be misapplied to a mystery involving other humans is cui bono?

Cannibalism ( from Caníbales, the Spanish name for the Carib people, a West Indies tribe formerly well known for their practice of cannibalism ) is the act or practice of humans eating the flesh or internal organs of other human beings.

In either case, the ultimate goals are to develop techniques for assessing consciousness objectively in humans as well as other animals, and to understand the neural and psychological mechanisms that underlie it.

Another issue with verbal report as a criterion is that it restricts the field of study to humans who have language: this approach cannot be used to study consciousness in other species, pre-linguistic children, or people with types of brain damage that impair language.

As noted earlier, even among writers who consider consciousness to be a well-defined thing, there is widespread dispute about which animals other than humans can be said to possess it.

These machines are self-replicating and, as is found out through the course of the movie, they are quite intelligent and have managed to " evolve " into newer, more dangerous forms, most notably human forms which the real humans in the movie cannot tell apart from other real humans except by trial and error.

In mammals, the adrenal glands ( also known as suprarenal glands ) are endocrine glands that sit at the top of the kidneys ; in humans, the right adrenal gland is triangular shaped, while the left adrenal gland is semilunar shaped.

In spite of the large evolutionary distance between insects and mammals, many aspects of Drosophila neurogenetics have turned out to be relevant to humans.

Taxonomically, the phylum includes the subphyla Vertebrata, including mammals ( and thus humans ), fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds ; Tunicata, including salps and sea squirts ; and Cephalochordata, comprising the lancelets.

In humans and other mammals, it develops from an outgrowth in the embryo called the genital tubercle.

β-Carotene is composed of two retinyl groups, and is broken down in the mucosa of the human small intestine by β-carotene 15, 15 '- monooxygenase to retinal, a form of vitamin A. β-Carotene can be stored in the liver and body fat and converted to retinal as needed, thus making it a form of vitamin A for humans and some other mammals.

T. cruzi is commonly transmitted to humans and other mammals by an insect vector, the blood-sucking " kissing bugs " of the subfamily Triatominae ( family Reduviidae ) most commonly species belonging to the Triatoma, Rhodnius, and Panstrongylus genera.

In both zones, Chagas occurs almost exclusively in rural areas, where triatomines breed and feed on the over 150 species from 24 families of domestic and wild mammals, as well as humans, that are the natural reservoirs of T. cruzi.

Apart from breastfed infants, the human consumption of dairy products is sourced primarily from the milk of cows, yet goats, sheep, yaks, camels, and other mammals are other sources of dairy products consumed by humans.

In humans and other mammals, a cross-section of the hippocampus shows the dentate gyrus as well as the dense cell layers of the CA fields.

DMT is naturally occurring in small amounts in rat brain, human cerebrospinal fluid, and other tissues of humans and other mammals.

Haeckel speculates that the allantois is formed in a similar way in both humans and other mammals.

' A modern respondent might say they are both mammals ( an abstract, or a priori answer, which depends only on the meanings of the words ' dog ' and ' rabbit ' ), whereas someone a century ago might have said that humans catch rabbits with dogs ( a concrete, or a posteriori answer, which depended on what happened to be the case at that time ).

The term is usually applied to humans, but it is also observed in all mammals.

The dodo, a flightless bird of Mauritius, became extinct during the mid-late seventeenth century after humans destroyed the forest s where the birds made their homes and introduced mammals that ate their eggs.

About ten distinct IFNs have been identified in mammals ; seven of these have been described for humans.

Although humans and other mammals use various biosynthetic pathways to both break down and synthesize lipids, some essential lipids cannot be made this way and must be obtained from the diet.

While most mammals have a very similar physiology, LD < sub > 50 </ sub > results may or may not be directly relevant to humans.

Consciousness in mammals ( this includes humans ) is an aspect of the mind generally thought to comprise qualities such as subjectivity, sentience, and the ability to perceive the relationship between oneself and one's environment.

There are two distinct types of milk consumption: a natural source of nutrition for all infant mammals and a food product for humans of all ages that is derived from other animals.

The metabolism of insects is sufficiently different from mammals that these compounds have little effect on humans and other mammals at proper doses ; but there is considerable concern about the effects of long-term exposure to these chemicals by farm workers and animals alike.

In the viviparous animals ( which include humans and all other placental mammals ), the ovum is fertilized inside the female body and the embryo then develops inside the uterus, receiving nutrition directly from the mother.

Prions are responsible for the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in a variety of mammals, including bovine spongiform encephalopathy ( BSE, also known as " mad cow disease ") in cattle and Creutzfeldt – Jakob disease ( CJD ) in humans.

Some mammals took to the oceans and became modern cetaceans, while others took to the trees and became primates, the group to which humans belong.