And so in many of the major areas of humanitarian reform, Christians and rationalists worked together: in the case of slavery ; William Wilberforce, the Buxtons but also Jeremy Bentham and Condorcet ; in the case of working conditions ; evangelicals such as Lord Shaftesbury but also Robert Owen and Edwin Chadwick ; in the case of punishments Beccaria but also Samuel Romilly ; in the case of the mentally ill ; Shaftesbury and Pinel and in the case of the treatment of animals, Bentham enlisted the aid of Wilberforce.

Pinel ordering the removal of chains from patients at the Paris Asylum for insane women.

In fact, it was Pussin who removed the iron shackles ( but sometimes using straitjackets ) at Bicêtre in 1797, after Pinel had left for the Salpêtrière.

In 1795, Pinel became chief physician of the Hospice de la Salpêtrière, a post that he retained for the rest of his life.

In 1795 Pinel had also been appointed as a professor of medical pathology, a chair that he held for twenty years.

Pinel noted, for example, that: " being held in esteem, having honor, dignity, wealth, fame, which though they may be factitious, always distressing and rarely fully satisfied, often give way to the overturning of reason ".

" Pinel also emphasized the necessity for leadership that was " thoughtful, philanthropic, courageous, physically imposing, and inventive in the development of maneuvers or tactics to distract, mollify, and impress " and " devoted to the concept of order without violence ", so that patients are " led most often with kindness, but always with an inflexible firmness.

Pinel generally expressed warm feelings and respect for his patients, as exemplified by: " I cannot but give enthusiastic witness to their moral qualities.

The influential philosopher Hegel praised Pinel for this approach.

Pinel also started a trend for diagnosing forms of insanity that seemed to occur ' without delerium ' ( confusion, delusions or hallucinations ).

Pinel has undertaken comparisons of skull sizes, and considered possible physiological substrates, but he got bad press for his emphasis on psychology and the social environment.

Pinel reacted with all his being against this medieval idea of possession for he was convinced that the insane were sick people in need of treatment.

Then came the dramatic moment when Pinel freed an English captain who had lived in chains for forty years and had, despite that, killed a prison attendant with a blow from his manacles.

To draw an example, Callenbach's fictional Crick School was based upon Pinel School, an alternative school located outside Martinez, California, and attended for a time by his son.

* Marie-Soleil ( 1980s ), although the show's host Suzanne Pinel reappears yearly for the CHEO telethon.

Pinel was unable to achieve much for him, and appears in the book as a servant of the imps.

Pinel orders removal of chains from patients at Paris Asylum for insane women.

Using the stage name Marie-Soleil, Pinel performed for twenty years, using stories and songs to teach the French language to kids.

In 1991, Pinel was made a Member of the Order of Canada for being " one of the great ambassadors of French-Canadian culture, this Franco-Ontarian teacher has helped promote bilingualism among both the younger and older members of the two language groups ".

* 1793 – Jean-Baptiste Pussin, working with Philippe Pinel, began releasing incarcerated mental patients from chains and iron shackles in the first movement for the humane treatment of the mentally ill.

The concept of a safe asylum, proposed by Phillipe Pinel and William Tuke, offered protection and care at institutions for patients who had been previously abused or enslaved.

While at Bicêtre, Pinel did away with bleeding, purging, and blistering in favor of a therapy that involved close contact with and careful observation of patients.

Pinel visited each patient, often several times a day, and took careful notes over two years.

* Philippe Pinel publishes Traité médico-philosophique sur l ' aliénation mentale ; ou la manie, presenting his enlightened humane psychological approach to the management of psychiatric hospitals.

Philippe Pinel ( 20 April 1745 – 25 October 1826 ) was a French physician who was instrumental in the development of a more humane psychological approach to the custody and care of psychiatric patients, referred to today as moral therapy.

Pinel argued that psychological intervention must be tailored to each individual rather than be based solely on the diagnostic category, and that it must be grounded in an understanding of the person's own perspective and history.

Because of the dangers and frustrations that attendants experienced in their work, Pinel put great emphasis on the selection and supervision of attendants in order to establish a custodial setting dedicated to norms of constraint and liberty that would facilitate psychological work.

* 1801 – Philippe Pinel published the first psychological approach to the treatment of the insane.

Pinel decided to devote himself to the study of insanity.

People that want to change their looks wear receptors shaped like flowers on their heads and Pinel transmits the new images to those receptors which are then projected over their wearers.

The medical explanation of insanity advanced by Phillipe Pinel and others enabled the insane to be looked at through a quite different lens and reveal them to be sick human beings.

Although Pinel always gave Pussin the credit he deserved, a legend grew up about Pinel single-handedly liberating the insane from their chains at Bicetre.

In general, Pinel traced organic causes to the gastrointestinal system and peripheral nervous system more often than to brain dysfunction.

Pinel is generally seen as the physician who more than any other transformed the concept of ' the mad ' into that of patients needing care and understanding, establishing a field that would eventually be called psychiatry.

For example, Vincenzo Chiarugi, in the 1780s in Italy, removed metal chains from patients but did not enjoy the same renown bestowed on the more explicitly humanitarian Pinel who was so visible from late 18th century revolutionary France.

" Within the space of a few days, Pinel had the chains removed from more than fifty men who had hitherto been regarded as dangerous madmen … because they were being treated kindly they ceased to be rebellious and disorderly ".

In this work Samuel Tuke referred to the Retreat's methods as moral treatment, borrowed from the French " traitement moral " being used to describe the work of Pussin and Pinel in France ( and in the original French referring more to morale in the sense of the emotions and self-esteem, rather than rights and wrongs ).

Philippe Pinel in 1795, had been named chief doctor at the asylum, he had instituted more charitable and rational treatments, without chains.

He examines the rise of scientific and " humanitarian " treatments of the insane, notably at the hands of Philippe Pinel and Samuel Tuke who he suggests started the conceptualization of madness as ' mental illness '.

In France, Joseph D ' Aquin in Chambéry permitted patients to move about freely and published a book in 1791 urging humanitarian reforms, dedicating the second edition in 1804 to Pinel.

Foremost in bringing about humanitarian change was Dr Phillipe Pinel ( 1745 – 1826 ).

In the first half of the 19th century, the first humanitarian reforms in the treatment of the violently insane were initiated here by Philippe Pinel, friend of the Encyclopédistes ; his sculptural monument stands before the main entrance in Place Marie-Curie, Boulevard de L ' Hôpital.