It has also been noted that a Catholic nursing order actually undertook most of the day to day care and understanding of the patients at Salpêtrière, and there were sometimes power struggles between Pinel and the nurses.

In 1795 Pinel had also been appointed as a professor of medical pathology, a chair that he held for twenty years.

Pinel also started a trend for diagnosing forms of insanity that seemed to occur ' without delerium ' ( confusion, delusions or hallucinations ).

However, Pinel was also criticised and rejected in some quarters.

Similarly in the mid-20th century, Foucault's influential book, Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason, also known as History of Madness, focused on Pinel, along with Tuke, as the driving force behind a shift from physical to mental oppression.

And so in many of the major areas of humanitarian reform, Christians and rationalists worked together: in the case of slavery ; William Wilberforce, the Buxtons but also Jeremy Bentham and Condorcet ; in the case of working conditions ; evangelicals such as Lord Shaftesbury but also Robert Owen and Edwin Chadwick ; in the case of punishments Beccaria but also Samuel Romilly ; in the case of the mentally ill ; Shaftesbury and Pinel and in the case of the treatment of animals, Bentham enlisted the aid of Wilberforce.

Pinel ordering the removal of chains from patients at the Paris Asylum for insane women.

In fact, it was Pussin who removed the iron shackles ( but sometimes using straitjackets ) at Bicêtre in 1797, after Pinel had left for the Salpêtrière.

In 1795, Pinel became chief physician of the Hospice de la Salpêtrière, a post that he retained for the rest of his life.

In it Pinel makes the case for the careful psychological study of individuals over time, points out that insanity isn't always continuous, and calls for more humanitarian asylum practices.

Pinel noted, for example, that: " being held in esteem, having honor, dignity, wealth, fame, which though they may be factitious, always distressing and rarely fully satisfied, often give way to the overturning of reason ".

Pinel generally expressed warm feelings and respect for his patients, as exemplified by: " I cannot but give enthusiastic witness to their moral qualities.

The influential philosopher Hegel praised Pinel for this approach.

Pinel has undertaken comparisons of skull sizes, and considered possible physiological substrates, but he got bad press for his emphasis on psychology and the social environment.

Pinel reacted with all his being against this medieval idea of possession for he was convinced that the insane were sick people in need of treatment.

Then came the dramatic moment when Pinel freed an English captain who had lived in chains for forty years and had, despite that, killed a prison attendant with a blow from his manacles.

To draw an example, Callenbach's fictional Crick School was based upon Pinel School, an alternative school located outside Martinez, California, and attended for a time by his son.

* Marie-Soleil ( 1980s ), although the show's host Suzanne Pinel reappears yearly for the CHEO telethon.

Pinel was unable to achieve much for him, and appears in the book as a servant of the imps.

Pinel orders removal of chains from patients at Paris Asylum for insane women.

Using the stage name Marie-Soleil, Pinel performed for twenty years, using stories and songs to teach the French language to kids.

In 1991, Pinel was made a Member of the Order of Canada for being " one of the great ambassadors of French-Canadian culture, this Franco-Ontarian teacher has helped promote bilingualism among both the younger and older members of the two language groups ".

* 1793 – Jean-Baptiste Pussin, working with Philippe Pinel, began releasing incarcerated mental patients from chains and iron shackles in the first movement for the humane treatment of the mentally ill.

The concept of a safe asylum, proposed by Phillipe Pinel and William Tuke, offered protection and care at institutions for patients who had been previously abused or enslaved.

Notable figures included the medic Vincenzo Chiarugi in Italy under Enlightenment leadership ; the ex-patient superintendent Pussin and the psychologically inclined medic Phillipe Pinel in revolutionary France ; the Quakers in England, led by businessman William Tuke ; and later, in the United States, campaigner Dorothea Dix.

Philippe Pinel ( 20 April 1745 – 25 October 1826 ) was a French physician who was instrumental in the development of a more humane psychological approach to the custody and care of psychiatric patients, referred to today as moral therapy.

Pinel was born in the rolling hills of Jonquières, France.

Pinel was an Ideologue, a disciple of the abbé de Condillac.

During the 1780s, Pinel was invited to join the salon of Madame Helvétius.

In August 1793 Pinel was appointed " physician of the infirmeries " at Bicêtre Hospital.

There is some suggestion that the Bicetre myth was actually deliberately fabricated by Pinel's son, Dr Scipion Pinel, along with Pinel's foremost pupil, Dr Esquirol.

Pinel created an inoculation clinic in his service at the Salpêtrière in 1799, and the first vaccination in Paris was given there in April 1800.

In 1802 Pinel published La Médecine Clinique which was based on his experiences at the Salpêtrière and in which he extended his previous book on classification and disease.

Pinel was elected to the Académie des Sciences in 1804 and was a member of the Académie de Médecine from its founding in 1820.

Pinel was concerned with a balance between control by authority and individual liberty.

For example, Vincenzo Chiarugi, in the 1780s in Italy, removed metal chains from patients but did not enjoy the same renown bestowed on the more explicitly humanitarian Pinel who was so visible from late 18th century revolutionary France.

Foremost in bringing about humanitarian change was Dr Phillipe Pinel ( 1745 – 1826 ).

Pinel was physician to Biutre prison in Paris where a large number of lunatics were kept.

After an apparent oblivion during the Middle Ages, hydrotherapy was rediscovered during the 18th and 19th centuries by people such as J. S. Hahn, MD, ( 1696 – 1773 ), Philippe Pinel, Vincent Priessnitz ( 1799 – 1851 ), Professor E. F. C.

As a result of these activities, he eventually was committed to the Hospice de la Salpêtrière under the care of Dr Philippe Pinel, a pioneer of psychotherapy ; he was eventually released.

In the place in front of the main entrance to the Hospital, there is a large bronze monument to Philippe Pinel, who was chief physician of the Hospice from 1795 to his death in 1826.