In a historical or geopolitical sense the term usually refers collectively to Christian majority countries or countries in which Christianity dominates or was a territorial phenomenon .“ Christendom is originally a medieval concept steadily to have evolved since the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the gradual rise of the Papacy more in religio-temporal implication practically during and after the reign of Charlemagne ; and the concept let itself to be lulled in the minds of the staunch believers to the archetype of a holy religious space inhabited by Christians, blessed by God, the Heavenly Father, ruled by Christ through the Church and protected by the Spirit-body of Christ ; no wonder, this concept, as included the whole of Europe and then the expanding Christian territories on earth, strengthened the roots of Romance of the greatness of Christianity in the world .”

Eliade notes that some " mythological traditions " of medieval knights, namely the Arthurian cycle and the Grail theme, combine a veneer of Christianity with traditions regarding the Celtic Otherworld.

During the Piast dynasty Christianity was adopted in 966 and medieval monarchy established.

The mythology of pre-Christian Ireland did not entirely survive the conversion to Christianity, but much of it was preserved, shorn of its religious meanings, in medieval Irish literature, which represents the most extensive and best preserved of all the branch and the Historical Cycle.

Since his predecessor Meinfried had already accepted Christianity, it followed that Pribislav had already been baptized in childhood, in contrast to the ideas of medieval chroniclers that the prince had first been baptized as an adult.

Other misconceptions such as: " the Church prohibited autopsies and dissections during the Middle Ages ," " the rise of Christianity killed off ancient science ," and " the medieval Christian church suppressed the growth of the natural sciences ," are all reported by Numbers as examples of widely popular myths that still pass as historical truth, even though they are not supported by current historical research.

In ancient and medieval Christianity, Caesaropapism is the doctrine where a head of state is at the same time the head of the church.

Conversion to Christianity is also a common method of removing werewolfism in the medieval period.

Western Christianity is a term used to include the Latin Rite of the Catholic Church and groups historically derivative thereof, including the churches of the Anglican, Lutheran, Presbyterian, and other Protestant traditions that share common attributes that can be traced back to their medieval heritage.

King Harald Bluetooth's conversion to Christianity is a contested bit of history, not least because medieval writers such as Widukind of Corvey and Adam of Bremen give conflicting accounts of how it came about.

A late third series, composed of The Incorporated Knight and The Pixilated Peeress, is set in the medieval era of another alternate world sharing the geography of our own, but in which a Neapolitan empire filled the role of Rome and no universal religion like Christianity ever arose, leaving its nations split among competing pagan sects.

The arrival of Christianity around the year 1000 brought Norway into contact with European medieval learning, hagiography and history writing.

Saint Otto of Bamberg (, ; 1060 or 1061 – 30 June 1139 ) was a medieval German bishop and missionary who, as papal legate, converted much of Pomerania to Christianity.

At age sixteen, a discussion with a childhood friend on faults perceived in Christianity ( such as contradictions in creeds, along with medieval traditions ) led Charles to question his faith.

First, the earliest surviving independent images of the Virgin Mary are found in Rome, the center of Christianity in the medieval West.

The present Principality of Reuss and the neighbouring tracts of land were inhabited in early medieval times by Slavic people who were converted to Christianity by the German Emperor Otto I ( 936 – 973 ).

The philosophical teachings of Philo and Ibn Gabirol were largely ignored by fellow Jews ; the parallel may be extended by adding that Philo and Ibn Gabirol, alike, exercised considerable influence in secular circles ; Philo upon early Christianity, and Ibn Gabirol upon the scholars of medieval Christianity.

In medieval Christianity, the mandorla generally represents the Ichthys, the wounds of Jesus, and Mary's birth canal which was the path by which Jesus entered the physical world.

An important aspect in the practice of medieval Christianity was the veneration of saints, and the associated pilgrimages to places where the relics of a particular saint were interred and the saint's tradition honoured.

It also traces its tradition back to Celtic Christianity and the mission that, according to medieval legend, Saint Joseph of Arimathea took to Glastonbury and the Celts in AD 36.

McEwan, an atheist, said that certain streams of Christianity were " equally absurd " and that he didn't " like these medieval visions of the world according to which God is coming to save the faithful and to damn the others.

In medieval Anglo-Saxon England, society was organized, according to Alfred the Great into three hierarchical orders: Gebedmen ( men who pray ), Fyrdmen ( men who fight ), Weorcmen ( men who work ).

Since at least the 1960s, when Marc Bloch's Feudal Society ( 1939 ) was first translated into English in 1961, many medieval historians have included a broader social aspect that includes not only the nobility but all three estates of the realm, adding the peasantry bonds of manorialism and the estates of the Church ; this is sometimes referred to as " feudal society " since it encompasses all members of society into the feudal system.

The Harrowing of hell, combined with the theme of Christ's ascension into heaven, became a favourite motif in medieval art and drama and led to the three tiers of the mystery plays.

It seems worth noting that the periods of medieval German literature span two or three centuries, those of early modern German literature span one century, and those of modern German literature each span one or two decades.

A collective head of state can exist in republics ( internal complexity ): e. g. nominal triumvirates ; the Directoire ; the seven-member Swiss Federal Council, where each member acts in turn as ceremonial chief of state ); Bosnia and Herzegovina ( three member presidium, from three different nations ); San Marino ( two " Captains-regent "), which maintains the tradition of Italian medieval republics, where there always was an even number of consuls.

The Scottish medieval clàrsach ' Queen Mary harp ' Clàrsach na Banrigh Màiri, ( c. 1400 ) now in the Museum of Scotland, is a one of only three surviving medieval Gaelic harps.

Goibniu, Creidhne and Luchta are referred to as Trí Dé Dána (" three gods of craftsmanship "), and the Dagda's name is interpreted in medieval texts as " the good god ".

Two characters called Lugaid, a popular medieval Irish name thought to derive from Lugh, have three fathers: Lugaid Riab nDerg ( Lugaid of the Red Stripes ) was the son of the three Findemna or fair triplets, and Lugaid mac Con Roí was also known as mac Trí Con, " son of three hounds ".

Hindu and Buddhist temples in Patan, the capital of one of the three medieval Newar kingdoms

In the foundation myth expressed in the medieval Turkish story known as " Osman's Dream ", the young Osman was inspired to conquest by a prescient vision of empire ( according to his dream, the empire is a big tree whose roots spread through three continents and whose branches cover the sky ).

The island has evidence from every stage in the history of Orkney, with a Neolithic settlement at Rinyo, Bronze Age burnt mounds, Iron Age crannogs and brochs ( the highest density anywhere in Scotland: three within of coastline ), Viking boat burials, remains of a medieval church and the stately home at Trumland.

The three golden spheres were originally a symbol medieval Lombard merchants hung in front of their houses, and not the arms of the Medici family.

Each of these three ballads survived in a single copy, so it is unclear how much of the medieval legend has survived, and what has survived may not be typical of the medieval legend.

During the medieval period, Sri Lanka was divided to three sub-territories, namely Ruhunu, Pihiti and Maya.

Known in medieval Chinese sources as Tujue ( 突厥 tú jué ), the Göktürks under the leadership of Bumin / Tuman Khan / Khaghan ( d. 552 ) and his sons established the first known Turkic state around 552 in the general area of territory that had earlier been occupied by the Xiongnu, and expanded rapidly to rule wide territories in Central Asia.

The term " Merovingian " comes from medieval Latin Merovingi or Merohingi (" sons of Merovech "), an alteration of an unattested Old West Low Franconian form, akin to their dynasty's Old English name Merewīowing, with the final-ing being a typical patronymic suffix.

Jean Flori, a historian who specialises in the medieval period, believes that Eleanor manipulated her sons to revolt against their father.

This is the only information available and historians disagree on whether these were the same two sons, whose names were distorted by medieval scribes, or whether there were four sons.

The medieval Icelandic tradition relates that Erik the Red and his wife Þjóðhildr ( Thjodhildr ) had four children: a daughter, Freydís, and three sons, the explorer Leif Eiríksson, Þorvaldr ( Thorvald ) and Þorsteinn ( Thorstein ).

Captured as a youth by Irish pirates while fishing at sea, he is said to have escaped by using a wooden buckler for a boat ; he landed at the fishing weir of Elffin, one of the sons of Urien ( all medieval Welsh sources, however, make Elffin the son of Gwyddno Garanhir ).

The Crónica de Alaón renovada, which Martínez Díez dates to 1154, but which other scholars dismiss as a late medieval concoction, lists García, Ferdinand and Gonzalo as Sancho III's sons by Mayor in that order, but in the same passage mistakenly places Gonzalo's death before his father's.

The medieval Jewish scholar: Joseph ben Gorion lists in his Josippon the ten sons of Togarma as follows:

He was disheartened by the fact that the talents of many of England's younger sons were wasted due to an economic recession and the medieval system of primogeniture, in which the oldest son inherited all of the family's land.

He is said to have had thirty sons, but only ten of them had children ; several medieval dynasties of Leinster traced their ancestors to them.

In particular, the long descriptions of the martyrdoms of Eleazar and of a mother with her seven sons ( 2 Macc 6: 18 – 7: 42 ) caught the imagination of medieval Christians.

One of Iorga's sons, Mircea, was married into the aristocratic Ştirbey family, and then to Mihaela Bohăţiel, a Transylvanian noblewoman who was reputedly a descendant of the Lemeni clan and of the medieval magnate Johannes Benkner.

Variations of this legend had a profound effect on medieval Germanic literature, including that of England and Scandinavia ( see Jonakr's sons ).

European medieval models of race generally mixed Classical ideas with the notion that humanity as a whole was descended from Shem, Ham and Japheth, the three sons of Noah, producing distinct Semitic ( Asiatic ), Hamitic ( African ), and Japhetic ( Indo-European ) peoples.

Because of his disgrace, and the misfortunes of his sons, there was a tendency among medieval historians of the Maghreb to attribute his deeds ( the conquest of Tangiers and the Sous ) to Uqba ibn Nafi.

In January 1215 William Marshall ( who is buried in the nave next to his sons, under one of the 9 marble effigies of medieval knights there ) served as a negotiator during a meeting in the Temple between King John and the barons, who demanded that John uphold the rights enshrined in the Coronation Charter of his predecessor Richard I. William swore on behalf of the king that the grievances of the barons would be addressed in the summer, leading to John's signing of Magna Carta in June.

The Croy family and the Drummond family of Scotland claim to descend from Princes Geza and George, sons of medieval Hungarian kings: Geza II and Andrew I, respectively.

Later, in medieval times " Azatavrear " cavalry or Armenian heavy cavalry was collected from nobles ( youngest sons of Armenian lords ) and was known as AYRUDZI ( man and horse, horseman ).

According to the medieval Georgian Chronicles, the city was built by the legendary patriarch Mtskhetos, one of five sons of Kartlos, the legendary patriarch of the Georgian nation ( who was in turn said to be a son of Torgom, the Georgian spelling of Biblical Togar Mah, son of Gomer, son of Japheth, son of Noah ).

In Western European medieval and Renaissance versions of the legend, Troilus is the youngest of Priam's five legitimate sons by Hecuba.

In that book Zuckerman argued that it was possible that William of Gellone was in fact one of the sons of Makhir, who he identified with the individual known in medieval sources as " Theodoric, King of the Jews of Septimania.

Valentin Yanin, the Soviet " dean " of medieval Novgorodian history, has found that most posadniks held the office consecutively for sometimes a decade or more and then often passed the office on to their sons or another close relative, indicating that the office was held within boyar clans and that the elections were not really " free and fair.