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A collective head of state can exist in republics ( internal complexity ): e. g. nominal triumvirates ; the Directoire ; the seven-member Swiss Federal Council, where each member acts in turn as ceremonial chief of state ); Bosnia and Herzegovina ( three member presidium, from three different nations ); San Marino ( two " Captains-regent "), which maintains the tradition of Italian medieval republics, where there always was an even number of consuls.
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collective and head
A new constitution in January 1976 established Democratic Kampuchea as a Communist People's Republic, and a 250-member Assembly of the Representatives of the People of Kampuchea ( PRA ) was selected in March to choose the collective leadership of a State Presidium, the chairman of which became the head of state.
In some countries however the office of the head of state is held by a body of persons (" collective head of state ").
Whenever a head of state is not available for any reason, constitutional provisions may allow the role to fall temporarily to an assigned person or collective body.
In exceptional situations, such as war, occupation, revolution or a coup d ' état, constitutional institutions, including the symbolically crucial head of state, may be reduced to a figurehead or be suspended in favor of an emergency office ( such as the original Roman Dictator ) or eliminated by a new " provisionary " regime, such as a collective of the junta type, or removed by an occupying force, such as a military governor ( an early example being the Spartan Harmost ).
On 15 May Najibullah announced that a collective leadership had been established, which was led by himself consisted of himself as head of party, Karmal as head of state and Sultan Ali Keshtmand as Chairman of the Council of Ministers.
* In the former Soviet Union, while the real power was exercised by the general secretary of the Communist Party, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet executed powers of collective head of state, and its chairman was often called " president " in the West.
East Germany established the office of a head of state with the title of President of the Republic ( German: Präsident der Republik ) in 1949, but abandoned the office with the death of the first president, Wilhelm Pieck, in 1960 in favour of a collective head of state.
Once the musicians found what they liked, they usually were able to repeat it using their " head arrangements " and collective memory.
* Swiss Federal Council-a collective head of state
When the national legislative body is not in session, its powers are transferred to a smaller council ( often called a presidium ) which combines legislative and executive power, and, in some communist states ( such as the Soviet Union before 1990 ), acts as a collective head of state.
At the end of the 1700s, when the French revolutionaries turned to several Roman Magistrature names for their new institutions, the three-headed collective Head of State was named Consulat, a term in use for two-headed magistratures since Antiquity ; furthermore it included a " First Consul " who was not an equal, but the de facto solo head of state and government – a position Napoleon Bonaparte chose to convert openly into the First French Empire.
This " Triumvirate of National Defence " functioned as a collective head of government, although effective control was in Venizelos ' hands.
The Federal Council is the seven-member executive council which constitutes the federal government of Switzerland and serves as the Swiss collective head of state.
The name of the office was changed 8 years later with the Yugoslav constitutional reforms of 1953, into " President of the Executive Council " ( Predsjednik Izvršnog Vijeća ), and remained the central office of Croatian politics in spite of the institution of a collective Presidency ( previously the mostly-nominal function of the head of state belonged to the speaker of the Croatian parliament, the Sabor ).
Immediately after Khrushchev's ouster, a " collective leadership " had been formed with Brezhnev as First Secretary, Alexei Kosygin as head of government and Anastas Mikoyan ( replaced in 1965 by Nikolai Podgorny ) as head of state.
A collective leadership was founded immediately after Khrushchev's ouster, consisting of Brezhnev as First Secretary, Kosygin as head of government, and Anastas Mikoyan ( and later Nikolai Podgorny ) as head of state.
After the death of incumbent Wilhelm Pieck in 1960, the office was replaced by a collective head of state, the State Council.
Formally a member of the country's collective head of state and, as president of parliament, holder of the third-highest office, he was left with little political influence.
In the aftermath of Khrushchev's removal, a collective leadership was formed, headed by Brezhnev as First Secretary, Alexei Kosygin as head of government, and Anastas Mikoyan as head of state.
collective and state
The Lincoln Mills decision authorizes a whole new body of federal `` common law '' which, as Mr. Justice Frankfurter pointed out in dissent, leads to one of the following `` incongruities '': `` ( ( 1 ) conflict in federal and state court interpretations of collective bargaining agreements ; ;
( 2 ) displacement of state law by federal law in state courts in all actions regarding collective bargaining agreements ; ;
Gardner Murphy wrote that a persons mind might survive death in a fragmentary state and merge itself into a collective consciousness.
A social-market economy is a nominally free-market system where government intervention in price formation is kept to a minimum but the state provides significant services in the area of social security, unemployment benefits and recognition of labor rights through national collective bargaining arrangements.
In this state hominids were losing their individual identity and were acquiring collective identity.
The state of battle trance, which can be induced by rhythmic drumming, singing, dancing, body painting, and the use of certain substances, allowed them to lose their individuality, obtain collective identity, and to fight together as a unit without feeling fear and pain, neglecting their personal safety for the evolutionarily more important reason.
He saw Zionism as an exclusive and separatist movement which challenged the collective solidarity he advocated in his vision of a world state.
At the time, private farms still produced about 87 % of Albania's agricultural output, but by 1960 the same percentage came from collective or state farms.
These corresponded to the two different forms of property over the means of production that existed in the Soviet Union: state property ( for the workers ) and collective property ( for the peasantry ).
Rather, Madison explained that " interposition " involved a collective action of the states, not a refusal by an individual state to enforce federal law, and that the deletion of the words " void, and of no force or effect " was intended to make clear that no individual state could nullify federal law.
As an extension of this, Anarcho-communists counter-argue that decentralized, stateless collective federations are sufficient to give both power to workers and preserve personal freedom and point to the fact that no socialist state has ever showed signs of " withering away ".
This is because many of the issues and areas that in other countries are regulated through state or federal law, e. g. working hours, minimum wage and right to overtime compensation, in Sweden instead are regulated through collective agreements between trade union and employer organisation representatives.
Francia released them only after they agreed to pay an enormous collective indemnity of 150, 000 pesos ( about 75 percent of the annual state budget ), an amount so large that it broke their predominance in the Paraguayan economy.
* Communism argues that only collective ownership of the means of production through a polity ( though not necessarily a state ) will assure the minimization of unequal or unjust outcomes and the maximization of benefits, and that therefore private ownership of capital should be abolished.
collective and can
In BrE, collective nouns can take either singular ( formal agreement ) or plural ( notional agreement ) verb forms, according to whether the emphasis is on the body as a whole or on the individual members respectively ; compare a committee was appointed with the committee were unable to agree.
Traumatic events witnessed by an entire society can stir up collective sentiment, often resulting in a shift in that society's culture and mass actions.
Collective trauma can be alleviated through cohesive and collective efforts such as recognition, remembrance, solidarity, communal therapy and massive cooperation.
History has shown time and again that human stupidity can lead to collective traumas capable of being continued for generations.
In British English, it is generally accepted that collective nouns can take either singular or plural verb forms depending on the context and the metonymic shift that it implies.
Nominally singular pronouns can be collective nouns taking plural verbs, according to the same rules that apply to other collective nouns.
Under French law, an association can represent the collective interests of consumers ; however, each claimant must be individually named in the lawsuit.
Dutch law allows associations ( verenigingen ) and foundations ( stichtingen ) to bring a so-called collective action on behalf of other persons, provided they can represent the interests of such persons according to their by-laws ( statuten ) ( section 3: 305a Dutch Civil Code ).
With its emphasis on notions of social contract and the collective will of the people, democracy can also be characterized as a form of political collectivism because it is defined as a form of government in which all eligible citizens have an equal say in the decisions that affect their lives.
It was shown that the relativistic gravitational interaction arises as the small-amplitude collective excitation mode whereas relativistic elementary particles can be described by the particle-like modes in the limit of low momenta.
It is often the result of “ sharing a social identity with others whose actions represent a threat to the positivity of that identity .” Different intergroup inequalities can result in collective guilt, such as receiving unearned benefits and privileges or inflicting more extreme forms of harm on an out-group ( including genocide ).
If an individual can justify the actions of the in-group, this will lessen collective guilt.
If the individual or group can neglect to observe the harm caused by their actions, either consciously or unconsciously, then the individual will not feel collective guilt.
Additionally, if a person believes that only individuals are responsible for their own actions, and not a collective group, then they can deny the existence of collective responsibility, thereby reducing feelings of collective guilt.
By focusing on the positive aspects of the in-group ’ s actions rather than the harmful effects, collective guilt can be reduced.
The history of Asia can be seen as the collective history of several distinct peripheral coastal regions such as, East Asia, South Asia, and the Middle East linked by the interior mass of the Eurasian steppe.
Organizations support the use of teams, because teams can accomplish a much greater amount of work in a short period of time than can be accomplished by an individual contributor, and because the collective results of a group of contributors can produce higher quality deliverables.
Whether the collective body of the Parliament can be impeached of high treason?
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