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In military dictatorships, or governments which have arisen from coups d ' état, the position of commander-in-chief is obvious, as all authority in such a government derives from the application of military force ; occasionally a power vacuum created by war is filled by a head of state stepping beyond his or her normal constitutional role, as King Albert I of Belgium did during World War I.
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military and dictatorships
Spain, Portugal ( 1974 ), and several of the military dictatorships in South America returned to civilian rule in the late 1970s and early 1980s ( Argentina in 1983, Bolivia, Uruguay in 1984, Brazil in 1985, and Chile in the early 1990s ).
In 1944, General Jorge Ubico ’ s thirteen-year dictatorship ( 1931 – 44 ) of Guatemala was overthrown by the October Revolutionaries, a group of Guatemalan nationalists — politically dissident military officers, university students, and liberal professionals — who were politically empowered, by the almost-simultaneous revolutions that deposed superannuated dictatorships in Venezuela, Cuba, and El Salvador.
Panama, during the military dictatorships of Omar Torrijos and Manuel Noriega, was nominally a presidential republic.
In fact, Mexico was considered a bastion of continued constitutional government in times where coup d ' états and military dictatorships were the norm in Latin America, in that the institutions were renovated electorally, even if only in appearance and with little participation of the opposition parties at the local level.
This doctrine did not work as intended: the people despised the military dictatorships, but did not see the guerrillas as the enemies of the dictatorships, but rather as their cause.
While the early caliphate maintained the principles of an elected ruler, later states became hereditary or military dictatorships though many maintained some pretense of a consultative shura.
To achieve this, a variety of means was implemented, including the orchestration of coups, sponsoring of dictatorships and military invasions.
Likewise, military dictatorships often take the form of " collective presidencies " such as the South American juntas of the late 20th century, meaning that no one person wields supreme power.
Timeline of military dictatorships in South America
In the 1960s and 1970s, the governments of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay were overthrown or displaced by U. S .- aligned military dictatorships.
Revolutionary movements and right-wing military dictatorships have been common, but starting in the 1980s a wave of democratization came through the continent, and democratic rule is now widespread.
" It was also strongly critical of the apartheid in South Africa and military dictatorships in Latin America.
His government tended to support the conciliation of the dictatorships of Germany, Italy, and Japan to avoid another world war, but he still increased military spending.
Kleptocracies are generally associated with corrupt forms of authoritarian governments, particularly dictatorships, oligarchies, military juntas, or some other forms of autocratic and nepotist government in which no outside oversight is possible, due to the ability of the kleptocrat ( s ) to personally control both the supply of public funds and the means of determining their disbursal.
* The Generals, a term applied to military dictatorships, see military junta
Nueva canción musicians often faced censorship, exile, forceful disappearances and even torture by right-wing military dictatorships, as in Francoist Spain, Pinochet's Chile and in Videla and Galtireri's Argentina.
However, Nueva canción would remain popular in the internal conflict-plagued Central America and in the long-lived military dictatorships of Chile and Paraguay.
At that time, the three countries were ruled by military dictatorships.
Reporter Marie-Monique Robin, author of a book investigating relationship between the Algerian War and Operation Condor, said to L ' Humanité newspaper that " French have systematized a military technique in urban environments which would be copied and pasted to Latin American dictatorships.
On January 8, 1996, he issued the controversial Decree 1775, which created a framework for the clear demarcation of indigenous reservations, which as part of the process opened indigenous territories to counterclaims by adjacent landowners. In 2000, Cardoso demanded the disclosure of some classified military files concerning Operation Condor, a network of South American military dictatorships that kidnapped and assassinated political opponents.
military and governments
Today the Nasser and Kassem governments are adamantly hostile to the West, are dependent for their military power on Soviet equipment and personnel ; ;
It adopted trade restrictions, established and maintained an army, issued fiat money, created a military code and negotiated with foreign governments.
In his first and last speech in the Senate, Johnson spoke eloquently in opposition to Grant's military intervention between rival governments in Louisiana, when the gubernatorial election was disputed and Democratic supporters ousted the winning Republican side with armed force in New Orleans.
His message can be described as confrontational and controversial, which can be related to the political climate of most of the African countries in the 1960s, many of which were dealing with political injustice and military corruption while recovering from the transition from colonial governments to self-determination.
Between World War II and 1990, both democratic and military governments sought to expand Brazil's influence in the world by pursuing a state-led industrial policy and an independent foreign policy.
Lamizana remained in power throughout the 1970s as president of military or mixed civil-military governments.
The governments may be based on heredity, religion, military power, work projects ( such as canal building ), food distribution, land ownership, agriculture, commerce, manufacturing, finance, or a combination of those.
" The 1973-90 military government sold many state-owned companies, and the three democratic governments since 1990 have implemented export promotion policies and continued privatization, though at a slower pace.
Giant, multinational corporations have for the most part replaced governments as centers of political, economic, and even military power.
During the Reagan administration, conservatives also supported the so-called " Reagan Doctrine " under which the U. S., as part of a Cold War strategy, provided military and other support to guerrilla insurgencies that were fighting governments aligned with the Soviet Union.
The effort to support the contras was one component of the Reagan Doctrine, which called for providing military support to movements opposing Soviet-supported, communist governments.
Washington considered the military intervention successful since it brought about regional stability, weakened Soviet influence, and intimidated the Egyptian and Syrian governments, whose anti-West political position had hardened after the Suez Crisis.
A wide variety of leaders coming to power in a number of different kinds of regimes, such as military juntas, single-party states and civilian governments under personal rule, have been described as dictators.
Other instances, such as Emperor Go-Toba's 1221 rebellion against the Kamakura shogunate and the 1336 Kemmu Restoration under Emperor Go-Daigo, show the power struggle between the Imperial House and the military governments of Japan.
The best governments in the world cannot succeed in pulling a country out of the quagmire, out of apathy, if they do not express themselves as national energies ... Strong governments cannot result either from conspiracies or from military coups, just as they cannot come out of the machinations of parties or the Machiavellian game of political lobbying.
At the beginning of the war the governments of White Finland and Red Finland officially opposed acts of terror, but such operational decisions were made at the military level.
Between 1980 and 2006, Liberia was governed by a series of military and transitional governments.
The decoration is issued both to United States military personnel and to military and political figures of foreign governments.
Traditionally, Afghan governments relied on three military institutions: the regular army, tribal levies, and community militias.
Census results after that time have been flawed by civil wars and a series of military governments.
Mutual exhaustion, Sandinista fears of Contra unity and military success, and mediation by other regional governments led to the Sapoa ceasefire between the Sandinistas and the Contras on March 23, 1988.
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