Scholars made numbered sets of as many things as possible in Nature, or assigned arbitrary numbers to individual things, in a fashion that seems to the modern scientific mind as downright nonsensical, and philosophical ideas based upon all this tended to stifle speculative thought in China for many centuries.

The rumours about prosecution of sighthounds in post-revolutionary Russia is a legend of modern time, possibly based on similar incidents in Maoist China.

Evolving further partly in response to the European Central Bank, the People's Bank of China has by 2000 become a modern central bank.

Approximate territories occupied by different dynasties as well as modern political states throughout the history of China

Cultural and political influences from many parts of Asia, carried by successive waves of immigration, expansion, and cultural assimilation, are part of the modern culture of China.

The practice of using the Confucian meritocracy to justify political actions continues in countries in the Sinosphere, including post-economic liberalization People's Republic of China, Chiang Kai-Shek's Republic of China, and modern Singapore.

In the modern People's Republic of China, the official ideology is Deng Xiaoping's " market economy socialism ".

In the modern era Confucian movements, such as New Confucianism, still exist but during the Cultural Revolution, Confucianism was frequently attacked by leading figures in the Communist Party of China.

One of the most ubiquitous accessories in modern China, after a wallet or purse and an umbrella, is a double-walled insulated glass thermos with tea leaves in the top behind a strainer.

Bronze coin of Constantius II ( 337 – 361 ), found in Karghalik, modern China.

For example, one begins to answer the question " Why did China not develop modern science and capitalism?

" by asking the question " Why are we assuming that what China did develop was not modern science and capitalism?

They have also argued that, while the modern Communist Party may be flawed, it is comparatively better than previous regimes, with respect to improving the general standard of living, than any other government that has governed China in the past century and can be seen in a more favourable light compared with most governments of the developing nations.

From the early 1930s the Japanese had been at war against both the Chinese Nationalists and the Russians in China, and used the experience to improve both training and aircraft, replacing biplanes with modern cantilever monoplanes and creating a cadre of exceptional pilots for use in the Pacific War.

Many popular games played in modern casinos originate from Europe and China.

In 1938, as part of his preparations for war, Hitler ended the German alliance with China, and entered into an agreement with the more modern Japan.

Katie Targett-Adams ( KT-A ) is currently leading the modern day crossover movement for the clarsach, performing to mainstream audiences across the globe, notably China.

In Egypt, 4000-year-old carvings feature teams with sticks and a projectile, hurling dates to before 1272 BC in Ireland, and there is a depiction from c. 600 BC in Ancient Greece where the game may have been called kerētízein or kerhtízein ( κερητίζειν ) because it was played with a horn or horn-like stick ( kéras, κέρας ) In Inner Mongolia, China, the Daur people have been playing beikou, a game similar to modern field hockey, for about 1, 000 years.

The 400 Million ( 1939 ) depicted the history of modern China and the resistance to the Japanese invasion, including dramatic shots of the Battle of Taierzhuang.

The Kuomintang claims sovereignty over Mongolia and Tuva as well as the territories of the modern People's Republic and Republic of China.

DNA analysis carried out amongst the modern Li population indicate a close relationship with populations in mainland southern China and in particular Guangxi province.

This map shows the boundary of 13th century Mongol Empire and location of today's Mongols in modern Mongolia, Russia, Central Asia n States and People's Republic of China | China.

Van Vogt was always interested in the idea of all-encompassing systems of knowledge ( akin to modern meta-systems ) -- the characters in his very first story used a system called ' Nexialism ' to analyze the alien's behaviour, and he became interested in the General Semantics of Alfred Korzybski.

A crucial step in the development of the modern communion was the idea of the Lambeth Conferences ( discussed above ).

Noth thought the History was composed by a single individual, but this idea has been more or less given up and modern scholars argue for multiple authors active over a considerable period, culminating in the mid-6th century.

When the idea of a modern Olympics became a reality at the end of the 19th century, the initiators and organizers were looking for a great popularizing event, recalling the ancient glory of Greece.

The idea of organizing a ' marathon race ' came from Michel Bréal, who wanted the event to feature in the first modern Olympic Games in 1896 in Athens.

This idea was heavily supported by Pierre de Coubertin, the founder of the modern Olympics, as well as the Greeks.

Striations indicated glacial flow away from the equator and toward the poles, in modern coordinates, and supported the idea that the southern continents had previously been in dramatically different locations, as well as contiguous with each other.

The modern idea of citizenship still respects the idea of political participation, but it is usually done through " elaborate systems of political representation at a distance " such as representative democracy.

The idea, or possibility, of female centaurs was certainly known in early modern times, as evidenced by Shakespeare's King Lear, Act IV, Scene vi, ln. 124 – 125:

Reinhold Niebuhr described the modern idea of ethical and scientific progress as " really a rationalized version of the Christian myth of salvation ".

Since Arthur Drews published his The Christ Myth ( Die Christusmythe ) in 1909, occasional connections have been drawn between the modern idea that Christ was a myth and docetist theories.

The idea recurred in Classicist Michael Grant's 1977 review of the evidence for Jesus, who compared modern scepticism about an historical Jesus to the ancient docetic idea that Jesus only seemed to come into the world " in the flesh ".

The transition of the rta to the modern idea of dharma occurs in the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad.

Mayr insisted throughout his career that the gene as the target of selection cannot and should not be considered a valid idea in modern evolutionary thought.

The beginnings of the modern idea of the general-purpose, widely distributed printed encyclopedia precede the 18th century encyclopedists.

Sam Harris argues that there are societally optimal " moral peaks " to discover. In modern times, many thinkers discussing the fact-value distinction and the Is-ought problem have settled on the idea that one cannot derive ought from is.

The idea of a relation between the language of the Aegean Linear scripts was taken into consideration as the main hypothesis by Michael Ventris before discovering that in fact the language behind the more modern Linear B script was Mycenean, a Greek dialect.

The modern " election ", which consists of public elections of government officials, didn't emerge until the beginning of the 17th century when the idea of representative government took hold in North America and Europe.

The idea of the Erdős number was created by friends as a humorous tribute to the enormous output of Erdős, one of the most prolific modern writers of mathematical papers, and has become well known in scientific circles as a tongue-in-cheek measurement of mathematical prominence.

The root meaning of the word is of obscure origin though shown to be akin to modern German Das Übel ( although ' Evil ' is normally translated as ' Das Böse ') with the basic idea of transgressing .< ref name =" Harper2001 ">

His technique relies heavily on the satirical poem with a joke in the last line, thus drawing him closer to the modern idea of epigram as a genre.

" Similarly, the idea of freedom as freedom from politics is a notion that developed in modern times.

Similarly, the ancient metaphysical and unfalsifiable idea of the existence of atoms has led to corresponding falsifiable modern theories.