In 1864 William Wallace Mitchell ( 1803 – 1884 ), a Glasgow Cotton Merchant, published his " Manual of Bowls Playing " following his work as the secretary formed in 1849 by Scottish bowling clubs which became the basis of the rules of the modern game.

In reality, the terms ' Scots / Scottish ' and ' Irish ' are purely modern geographical references to a people who share a common Celtic ancestry and consequently, a common musical heritage.

In his fictional historical essay " The Hyborian Age ", Howard describes how the people of Atlantis — the land where his character King Kull originated — had to move east after a great cataclysm changed the face of the world and sank their island, settling where Ireland and Scotland would eventually be located, Thus they are ( in Howard's work ) the ancestors of the Irish and Scottish ( the Celtic Gaels ) and not the Picts, the other ancestor of modern Scots who also appear in Howard's work.

However as Old Castilian became modern Spanish, the pronunciation of the sh sound changed, and came to be pronounced with a voiceless velar fricative sound like the Scottish or German ch and today the Spanish pronunciation of " Quixote " is.

The Scottish philosopher David Hume ( 1711 – 1776 ) responded to Berkeley's criticisms of Locke, as well as other differences between early modern philosophers, and moved empiricism to a new level of skepticism.

Some choreographed dances such as contra dance, Scottish country dance, and modern Western square dance, are called folk dances, though this is not true in the strictest sense.

There are three modern Goidelic languages: Irish ( Gaeilge ), Scottish Gaelic ( Gàidhlig ) and Manx ( Gaelg ).

Romanticised depiction of Scottish Clan | Highland clansmen in a display of modern tartan merchandise

The focus of the Scottish Enlightenment ranged from intellectual and economic matters to the specifically scientific as in the work of William Cullen, physician and chemist, James Anderson, an agronomist, Joseph Black, physicist and chemist, and James Hutton, the first modern geologist.

" This particular line of criticism also misses the obvious parallels that existed between the story's background ( England conquered by the Normans in 1066, when they killed Saxon King Harold at Hastings, about 130 years previously ) and the prevailing situation in Scott's native Scotland ( Scotland's union with England in 1707 – about the same length of time had elapsed before Scott's writing and the resurgence in his time of Scottish nationalism evidenced by the cult of Robert Burns, the famous poet who deliberately chose to work in Scots vernacular though he was an educated man and spoke modern English eloquently ).

The modern Scottish kilt worn with formal evening wear ( 2009 )

However, by the time Scotland and England joined under a single parliament, English had lost the sound, so the Scots convention of using CH remained, hence the modern Scottish English loch.

Robert I ( 11 July 1274 – 7 June 1329 ), popularly known as Robert the Bruce ( Medieval Gaelic: Roibert a Briuis ; modern Scottish Gaelic: Raibeart Bruis ; Norman French: Robert de Brus or Robert de Bruys ), was King of Scots from 25 March 1306, until his death in 1329.

As part of the terms of their surrender to the Milesians the Tuatha Dé Danann agreed to retreat and dwell underground in the sídhe ( modern Irish: sí ; Scottish Gaelic: sìth ; Old Irish síde, singular síd ), the hills or earthen mounds that dot the Irish landscape.

Examples are Modern Greek, Albanian, Baltic languages such as Lithuanian and Latvian, Slavic languages such as Polish, Czech, Croatian, Serbian, Ukrainian, Macedonian, Bulgarian, and the modern Celtic languages such as Scottish Gaelic and Irish.

Sir William Wallace ( Medieval Gaelic: Uilliam Uallas ; modern Scottish Gaelic: Uilleam Uallas ; Norman French: William le Waleys ; ; died 23 August 1305 ) was a Scottish knight and landowner who became one of the main leaders during the Wars of Scottish Independence.

The Scots language began to diverge from early Northumbrian Middle English, which was called Ynglis as late as the early 16th century ( until the end of the 15th century the name Scottis ( modern form: Scots ) referred to Scottish Gaelic ).

Although many observers from the 1880s onward predicted that Yankee politicians would be no match for new generations of ethnic politicians, the presence of Yankees at the top tier of modern American politics was typified by Presidents George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush, and by Democratic National Committee chairman Howard Dean ( as well, to some observers, by 2004 Democratic presidential nominee Senator John Forbes Kerry, descendant through his mother, of the Scottish Forbes family, which emigrated to Massachusetts the 1750s ).

The ambitious Scottish 18th century artist Gavin Hamilton found a solution to the problem of using modern dress, considered unheroic and inelegant, in history painting by using Middle Eastern settings with Europeans wearing local costume, as travellers were advised to do.

In 2012, it was announced that HarperCollins had hired Scottish crime writer Val McDermid to adapt Northanger Abbey for a modern audience, as a suspenseful teen thriller.

Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson judged Thoreau's endorsement of living alone and apart from modern society in natural simplicity to be a mark of " unmanly " effeminacy and " womanish solitude ", while deeming him a self-indulgent " skulker.

The thrashing machine, or, in modern spelling, threshing machine ( or simply thresher ), was a machine first invented by Scottish mechanical engineer Andrew Meikle for use in agriculture.

Constantine, son of Áed ( Medieval Gaelic: Constantín mac Áeda ; Modern Gaelic: Còiseam mac Aoidh, known in most modern regnal lists as Constantine II ; before 879 – 952 ) was an early King of Scotland, known then by the Gaelic name Alba.

Domnall mac Ailpín ( Modern Gaelic: Dòmhnall mac Ailpein, anglicised sometimes as Donald MacAlpin, and known in most modern regnal lists as Donald I ); ( 812 – 13 April 862 ) was king of the Picts from 858 to 862.

Its modern Gaelic name means " Iona of ( Saint ) Columba " ( formerly anglicised " Icolmkill ").

The modern English name comes from an 18th century misreading of yet another variant, Ioua, which was either just Adomnán's attempt to make the Gaelic name fit Latin grammar or else a genuine derivative from Ivova (" yew place ").

Cináed mac Ailpín ( Modern Gaelic: Coinneach mac Ailpein ), commonly Anglicised as Kenneth MacAlpin and known in most modern regnal lists as Kenneth I ( 810-13 February 858 ) was king of the Picts and, according to national myth, first king of Scots, earning him the posthumous nickname of An Ferbasach, " The Conqueror ".

Malcolm's Kingdom did not extend over the full territory of modern Scotland: the north and west of Scotland remained in Scandinavian, Norse-Gael and Gaelic control, and the areas under the control of the Kings of Scots would not advance much beyond the limits set by Malcolm II ( Máel Coluim mac Cináeda ) until the 12th century.

In modern Ireland and Scotland, the name by which Halloween is known in the Gaelic language is still Oíche / Oidhche Shamhna.

The word tor ( Cornish tor, Old Welsh twrr, Modern Welsh tŵr, Scots Gaelic tòrr ), meaning hill, is notable for being one of the very few Celtic loanwords to be borrowed into vernacular English before the modern era – such borrowings are mainly words of a geographic or topographical nature.

Though Faery Wicca may draw inspiration from some of the customs practiced among the ancient and modern Celts, it shares more with other modern Wiccan and Neo-Wiccan traditions than with the " Fairy Faith " as it is known in traditional Gaelic cultures.

For several centuries the O ' Donnells ruled Tír Chonaill, a Gaelic kingdom in West Ulster that covered almost all of modern County Donegal.

And in fact there was fairly extensive intermarriage between the Gaelic Irish aristocracy and Anglo-Norman lords beginning not long after the invasion and continuing right through into modern times.

Cognates in modern Celtic languages are Irish rith ( in some dialects ruth or ruith, Scottish ruith / rith and Welsh rhedeg, both meaning " to run ", as well as the Gaelic noun roth wheel.

The word Cailleach means ' hag ' in modern Scottish Gaelic, and has been applied to numerous mythological figures in Ireland, Scotland and the Isle of Man.

The name Eocene comes from the Greek ( eos, dawn ) and ( kainos, new ) and refers to the " dawn " of modern (' new ') mammalian fauna that appeared during the epoch.

KR is most commonly used to refer to representations intended for processing by modern computers, and in particular, for representations consisting of explicit objects ( the class of all elephants, or Clyde a certain individual ), and of assertions or claims about them (' Clyde is an elephant ', or'all elephants are grey ').

: Standard Southern British ( where ' Standard ' should not be taken as implying a value judgment of ' correctness ') is the modern equivalent of what has been called ' Received Pronunciation ' (' RP ').

Velociraptor, like other dromaeosaurids, had a large manus (' hand ') with three strongly curved claws, which were similar in construction and flexibility to the wing bones of modern birds.

In modern Irish Donegal has produced famous, and sometimes controversial, authors such as the brothers Séamus Ó Grianna and Seosamh Mac Grianna from The Rosses and the contemporary ( and controversial ) Irish-language poet Cathal Ó Searcaigh from Gortahork in Cloughaneely, and where he is known to locals as Gúrú na gCnoc (' the Guru of the Hills ').

The European rock is usually identified with an islet, about 20m wide and 200m long, which stands about 100m off the shore of a village called Rumeli Feneri (' Lighthouse of Rumeli ), and is connected to it by a modern concrete jetty.

The word cailleach ( in modern Irish and Scottish Gaelic, ' old woman ') comes from the Old Irish caillech (' veiled one '), an adjectival form of Old Irish caille " veil ", an early loan from Latin pallium (' cloak ', an ecclesiastical garment worn by nuns ; displaying the expected p > c change of early loans ).

The name derives from the Old English scīp (' sheep ', a Northumbrian dialect form, contrasting with the Anglian dialect form scēp which underlies modern English sheep ) and lēah (' open ground, such as meadow, pasture, or arable land ').

In effect, there is no single name for modern laïká in the Greek language, but it is often formally referred to as σύγχρονο λαϊκό (), a term which is however also used for denoting newly composed songs in the tradition of " proper " Laïkó ; when ambiguity arises, σύγχρονο (' contemporary ') λαϊκό or disparagingly λαϊκο-ποπ (' folk-pop ', also in the sense of " westernized ") is used for the former, while γνήσιο (' genuine ') or even καθαρόαιμο (' pureblood ') λαϊκό is used for the latter.

The modern Hungarian term for this special script ( coined in the 19th century ) rovás derives from the verb róni (' to score ') which is derived from old Uralic, general Hungarian terminology describing the technique of writing ( írni ' to write ', betű ' letter ', bicska ' knife ( also: for carving letters )') derive from Turkic, which supports the theory of transmission via Turks further.

After his death, the Italian city of Bologna has dedicated to Sergio Vieira de Mello a new square (' Piazza Sérgio Vieria de Mello ') situated in a modern part of the central quartiere Navile.

The State of The Cross was proclaimed on x, x, 1849 ?, in Xoken, (' Read it to me '), a south-eastern satellite of modern Valladolid where the Proclamo was first read to the people.

In Anglo-Saxon times it became part a longer road known as Wæcelinga Stræt (' Watling Street ' in modern English ).

The Catholic Church, long before the Second Œcumenical Council of the Vatican (' Vatican II ') accepted and promoted the use of the non-vernacular liturgical languages listed above ; vernacular ( i. e. modern or native ) languages were never used liturgically until 1964, when the first permissions were given for certain parts of the Roman Liturgy to be celebrated in certain approved vernacular translations.

Two known clusters of ' false Sayeds ' are: the so-called ' Sayeds of Sindh ' in modern Pakistan, descendants of the Ansar ( helpers ) of a Sayedi / Sharifi refugee from Madinah whose line died out early on thus creating the impression amongst the descendants of those who sheltered him that they were Ahl an ' Naas (' of the blood ') and the ' Talukdari Sayeds ' of Hyderabad Deccan in Southern India, the descendants of Muhammad an adopted son of Muhammad and therefore also not ' of the blood '.

Temasek (' Sea Town ' in Old Javanese, spelt Tumasik ) was the name of an early city on the site of modern Singapore.

This leads to striking differences, such as Picard cachier (' to hunt ') ~ Old French chacier, which later took the modern French form of chasser.

At the time of borrowing, characters such as 人 (' person ') and 日 (' day '), which have an initial " r " sound in modern Mandarin, began with a palatal nasal consonant closely approximating French and Italian " gn " and Spanish " ñ ".