It is becoming harder and harder to tell law courts and political arenas from the modern theatre ''.

Under modern canon law, a man who is appointed a cardinal must accept ordination as a bishop, unless he already is one, or seek special permission from the pope to decline such ordination.

In most but not all modern states the constitution has supremacy over ordinary Statutory law ( see Uncodified constitution below ); in such states when an official act is unconstitutional, i. e. it is not a power granted to the government by the constitution, that act is null and void, and the nullification is ab initio, that is, from inception, not from the date of the finding.

) In reliance on this assumption, modern statutes often leave a number of terms and fine distinctions unstated — for example, a statute might be very brief, leaving the precise definition of terms unstated, under the assumption that these fine distinctions will be inherited from pre-existing common law.

( For this reason, many modern American law schools teach the common law of crime as it stood in England in 1789, because that centuries-old English common law is a necessary foundation to interpreting modern criminal statutes.

Lord Chief Justice Edward Coke, a 17th-century English jurist and Member of Parliament, wrote several legal texts that formed the basis for the modern common law, with lawyers in both England and America learning their law from his Institutes and Reports until the end of the 18th century.

Sir Henry Maine ( 1861 ) studied the ancient codes available in his day, and failed to find any criminal law in the " modern " sense of the word.

While modern systems distinguish between offences against the " State " or " Community ", and offences against the " Individual ", the so-called penal law of ancient communities did not deal with " crimes " ( Latin: crimina ), but with " wrongs " ( Latin: delicta ).

Similarly, assault and violent robbery involved trespass as to the pater's property ( so, for example, the rape of a slave could become the subject of compensation to the pater as having trespassed on his " property "), and breach of such laws created a vinculum juris ( an obligation of law ) that only the payment of monetary compensation ( modern " damages ") could discharge.

* Accountancy as computational casuistics, article on how modern compliance regimes in accountancy and law apply casuistry

The Catholic Church has what is claimed to be the oldest continuously functioning internal legal system in Western Europe, much later than Roman law but predating evolution of modern European civil law traditions.

The institutions and practices of canon law paralleled the legal development of much of Europe, and consequently both modern civil law and common law bear the influences of canon law.

However, Frankel's use of modern methods of historical scholarship in analyzing Jewish texts and developing Jewish law set him apart from neo-Orthodox Judaism, which was concurrently developing under the leadership of Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch.

Concerning interpretation of Halakha ( or Jewish law ): because of Judaism's legal tradition, the fundamental differences between modern Jewish denominations also involve the relevance, interpretation, and application of Jewish law and tradition.

Prior to modern times, there was no distinction between architects, engineers and often artists, and the title used varied depending on geographical location.

The title was also used in other city states and also revived in modern states, notably in the First French Republic.

Until his death in 1848, Muhammad Ali Pasha instituted a number of social and economic reforms that earned him the title of founder of modern Egypt.

The full title is indicative of the tale's object, as ingenioso ( Spanish ) means " quick with inventiveness "< ref >, Real Academia Española </ ref > marking the transition of modern literature from Dramatic to thematic unity.

Like the term " tyrant " ( which was originally a respectable Ancient Greek title ), and to a lesser degree " autocrat ", " dictator " came to be used almost exclusively as a non-titular term for oppressive, even abusive rule, yet had rare modern titular uses.

The title has been retained in modern times by a number of armoured or ceremonial mounted regiments.

One of these offices was princeps senatus, (" first man of the Senate ") and became shortened into Augustus ' chief honorific, Princeps ( usually translated as " first citizen ") form which the modern English word and title prince is descended.

In its final simplified form, the title read " Emperor and Autocrat of all Bulgarians and Romans " ( Tsar i samodarzhets na vsichki balgari i gartsi in the modern vernacular ).

In its final simplified form, the Serbian imperial title read " Emperor of Serbs and Greeks " ( цар Срба и Грка in modern Serbian ).

In Persia, from the time of Darius the Great, Persian rulers used the title " King of Kings " ( Shahanshah in modern Iranian ) since they had dominion over peoples from India to Greece.

Following the original roots of modern graffiti as a political force came another game title, Marc Eckō's Getting Up: Contents Under Pressure ( 2006 ), featuring a story line involving fighting against a corrupt city and its oppression of free speech, as in the Jet Set Radio series.

Generally speaking, he tended to use tap and other popular dance idioms to express joy and exuberance – as in the title song from Singin ' in the Rain or " I Got Rhythm " from An American in Paris, whereas pensive or romantic feelings were more often expressed via ballet or modern dance, as in " Heather on the Hill " from Brigadoon or " Our Love Is Here to Stay " from An American in Paris.

He was promoted to Pasha and, with the collapse of the Ottoman Empire at the end of World War I, became the founder of the modern Turkish state with the title Atatürk, the Father of Turkey.

* In modern times, the historical figure lent his name to Imhotep, the title character of the 1932 film The Mummy and its 1999 remake along with a sequel.

Isaiah Berlin considers Marx the true founder of modern sociology, " in so far as anyone can claim the title.

The title to the Kingdom of Jerusalem also continues to be claimed by modern royalty.

That poem in turn appears to have been the principal source for the famous Anglo-Saxon poem to which the modern title The Phoenix is given.

" Certain modern scholars, however, on the basis of the similarity of the title ( compare Malachi 1: 1 to Zechariah 9: 1 and Zechariah 12: 1 ), declare it to be anonymous.

Indeed, the modern Assyrian Church of the East, which reveres Nestorius, does not fully subscribe to Nestorian doctrine, though it does reject the title Theotokos.

Pharaoh ( or ) is a title used in many modern discussions of the rulers of all Ancient Egyptian dynasties.

The use of the word " secret " in the title " Vatican Secret Archives " does not denote the modern meaning of confidentiality.

A more modern usage prefers the title pro tanto obligation: an obligation that may be later overruled by another more pressing one ; it exists only pro tempore.

Semi-spoken music has long been especially popular in British entertainment, and such examples as David Croft's theme to the 1970s ' sitcom Are You Being Served ?, the 1979 song Mickey as performed by Toni Basil in 1982, and the 1984 title song, " One Night in Bangkok " for the musical Chess have elements indistinguishable from modern rap.

They believe that if the South had been let alone it would have produced a civilization superior to that of modern America.

It was logical that he would come up with the figure of the modern jazz musician.

) Starting from this, and accepting his estimate of the iniquities of modern society, it would follow that the really disturbing evidence of alienation would be that of a work-satisfaction survey which reported widespread, stated worker satisfaction, rather than widespread, stated worker dissatisfaction.

Suppose, he says, that the tables were turned, and we were in the Soviets' position: `` There would be more than 2,000 modern Soviet fighters, all better than ours, stationed at 250 bases in Mexico and the Caribbean.

Eventually, their bony fins would evolve into limbs and they would become the ancestors to all tetrapods, including modern amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

The modern nation of Ethiopia, in northeast Africa, is nowhere near the Ethiopic Ocean, which would be said to lie off the west coast of Africa.

) Like the central processing unit ( CPU ) in a modern computer, the mill would rely upon its own internal procedures, to be stored in the form of pegs inserted into rotating drums called " barrels ", to carry out some of the more complex instructions the user's program might specify.

In former times the alphorn maker would find a tree bent at the base in the shape of an alphorn, but modern makers piece the wood together at the base.

The death of Arcadius in May 408 caused milder counsel to prevail in the western court, but Alaric, who had actually entered Epirus, demanded in a somewhat threatening manner that if he were thus suddenly requested to desist from war, he should be paid handsomely for what modern language would call the " expenses of mobilization ".

It maintains accuracy, for if part of the arrow struck a glancing blow on discharge, some inconsistency would be present, and the excellent accuracy of modern equipment would not be achieved.

Also, modern militaries usually do not equip their forces with the best armour available, since it would be prohibitively expensive.

Armida was translated into German and widely performed, especially in the northern German states, where it helped to establish Salieri's reputation as an important and innovative modern composer It would also be the first opera to receive a serious preparation in a piano and vocal reduction by Carl Friedrich Cramer in 1783.

' Euan MacKie would place the origin even later, stating: "... the genesis and modern flowering of archaeoastronomy must surely lie in the work of Alexander Thom in Britain between the 1930s and the 1970s.

One of these was the property, an essential universal true of the species, but not in the definition ( in modern terms, some examples would be grammatical language, a property of man, or a spectral pattern characteristic of an element, both of which are defined in other ways ).

In 1887, Hugh Nicol set a still-standing Major League record with 138 stolen bases, many of which would not have counted under modern rules.

Baron Haussmann, a long-time prefect of Bordeaux, used Bordeaux's 18th century big-scale rebuilding as a model when he was asked by Emperor Napoleon III to transform a then still quasi-medieval Paris into a " modern " capital that would make France proud.

" Over time, scientists would build on his initial ideas to form the modern synthesis.

The charter had more than sixty signatories, including the brothers John, Nicholas and Moses of the Brown family, who would later inspire the College's modern name following a gift bestowed by Nicholas Brown, Jr.

On that Mississippi riverine system today, including that of other sheltered waterways, industrial barge trafficking in bulk raw materials such as coal, coke, timber, iron ore and other minerals is extremely common in the developed world using huge cargo barges that connect in groups and trains-of-barges in ways which allow cargo volumes and weights which would astonish pioneers of modern barge systems and methods in the Victorian era.

This city, modern el-Meshed, located only several miles from Nazareth in what would have been known as Israel in the post-exilic period ( as distinct from the southern kingdom, known as Judah ) and Galilee around the time of Christ.