Prokaryotic cells are usually independent, while eukaryotic cells are often found in multicellular organisms.

Animals are eukaryotic and usually multicellular ( although see Myxozoa ), which separates them from bacteria, archaea and most protists.

Somatic epigenetic inheritance through epigenetic modifications, particularly through DNA methylation and chromatin remodeling, is very important in the development of multicellular eukaryotic organisms.

In most multicellular eukaryotic organisms, telomerase is active only in germ cells, stem cells, and certain white blood cells.

It is a multicellular eukaryotic organism that is simple enough to be studied in great detail.

DNA sequencing indicates that multicellular choanoflagellates and poriferans are sister groups, both descended from the same eukaryotic clade.

They were originally thought to represent a late step of eukaryotic evolution ( somewhat similar to a crown group ) because they include multicellular and macroscopic lifeforms that represent the majority of the biomass of the planet while accounting for less than 1 % of the genetic diversity.

Amoebas seem to have connections with two phyla ( now defunct ) composed of multicellular organisms of the lineage of fungus-like protists, the so-called slime molds.

Algae ( or ; singular alga, Latin for " seaweed ") are a very large and diverse group of simple, typically autotrophic organisms, ranging from unicellular to multicellular forms, such as the giant kelps that grow to 65 meters in length.

Most multicellular organisms have two sets of chromosomes, that is, they are diploid.

A complete lack of sexual reproduction is relatively rare among multicellular organisms, particularly animals.

Complex, multicellular organisms gradually became more common in the millions of years immediately preceding the Cambrian, but it was not until this period that mineralised – hence readily fossilised – organisms became common.

In multicellular organisms, it permits the organism to build and hold its shape ( morphogenesis ).

Cell biology research encompasses both the great diversity of single-celled organisms like bacteria and protozoa, as well as the many specialized cells in multicellular organisms such as humans.

Chemotaxis is the phenomenon whereby somatic cells, bacteria, and other single-cell or multicellular organisms direct their movements according to certain chemicals in their environment.

In multicellular organisms, chemotaxis is critical to early development ( e. g. movement of sperm towards the egg during fertilization ) and subsequent phases of development ( e. g. migration of neurons or lymphocytes ) as well as in normal function.

Commonly, this term is used to refer specifically to infectious diseases, which are clinically evident diseases that result from the presence of pathogenic microbial agents, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, multicellular organisms, and aberrant proteins known as prions.

Computer simulation of multicellular development is a research methodology to understand the function of the very complex processes involved in the development of organisms.

Minimal genomes for minimal multicellular organisms may pave the way to understand such complex processes in vivo.

The Ediacaran biota include the oldest definite multicellular organisms with tissues, and the most common types resemble segmented worms, fronds, disks, or immobile bags.

There is experimental work being done on minimal genomes for single cell organisms as well as minimal genomes for multicellular organisms ( see Developmental biology ).

All multicellular organisms produce hormones ; plant hormones are also called phytohormones.

They are multicellular organisms which are usually a few millimetres long and are best studied with a microscope.

Common examples of in vitro experiments include ( a ) cells derived from multicellular organisms ( cell culture or tissue culture ), ( b ) subcellular components ( e. g. mitochondria or ribosomes ), ( c ) Cellular or subcellular extracts ( e. g. wheat germ or reticulocyte extracts ), or ( d ) purified molecules in the test tube ( often proteins, DNA, or RNA, either individually or in combination ).

Living organisms are extremely complex functional systems that are made up of, at a minimum, many tens of thousands of genes, protein molecules, RNA molecules, small organic compounds, inorganic ions and complexes in an environment that is spatially organized by membranes and, in the case of multicellular organisms, organ systems.

In multicellular organisms, there is an intermediary step between the diploid and haploid transition where the organism grows.

For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacteria Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants.

Arsenic is notoriously poisonous to multicellular life, although a few species of bacteria are able to use arsenic compounds as respiratory metabolites.

The central nervous system ( CNS ) is the part of the nervous system that integrates the information that it receives from, and coordinates the activity of, all parts of the bodies of bilaterian animals — that is, all multicellular animals except radially symmetric animals such as sponges and jellyfish.

A gametophyte is the haploid, multicellular phase of plants and algae that undergo alternation of generations, with each of its cells containing only a single set of chromosomes.

In some multicellular green algae, red algae, or brown algae ( Ulva is one example ), the sporophytes and gametophytes are often isomorphic, but in some species the gametophyte may be reduced.

The only case in which we can discuss multiple trajectories is in a multicellular thunderstorm where the hailstone may be ejected from the top of the " mother " cell and captured in the updraft of a more intense " daughter cell ".

It is generally accepted that the phyla comprising modern Eukaryota share a common multicellular ancestor, but with the sole exception of one subphylum of the phylum Chordata, all those phyla are classified as invertebrates along with two of the three subphyla in the Chordata: Tunicata and Cephalochordata.

A microorganism ( from the, mikrós, " small " and, organismós, " organism "; also spelled micro-organism, micro organism or microörganism ) or microbe is a microscopic organism that comprises either a single cell ( unicellular ), cell clusters, or multicellular relatively complex organisms.

Most microorganisms are unicellular ( single-celled ), but this is not universal, since some multicellular organisms are microscopic, while some unicellular protists and bacteria, like Thiomargarita namibiensis, are macroscopic and visible to the naked eye.

This qualification is significant since most multicellular eukaryotes consist of a single cell called a zygote at the beginning of their life cycles.

The number and diversity of subunits contained in the 20S core particle depends on the organism ; the number of distinct and specialized subunits is larger in multicellular than unicellular organisms and larger in eukaryotes than in prokaryotes.

p53 is crucial in multicellular organisms, where it regulates the cell cycle and, thus, functions as a tumor suppressor that is involved in preventing cancer.

However, no third gamete is known in multicellular animals .< ref >

In multicellular organisms, it is the earliest developmental stage of the embryo.

" that which grows ," from en-" in " + bryein, " to swell, be full "; the proper Latinate form would be embryum ) is a multicellular diploid eukaryote in its earliest stage of development, from the time of first cell division until birth, hatching, or germination.