Connes has applied his work in areas of mathematics and theoretical physics, including number theory, differential geometry and particle physics.

The standard model of particle physics was developed that so far has successfully explained the properties of the nucleus in terms of these sub-atomic particles and the forces that govern their interactions.

In particle physics, antimatter is material composed of antiparticles, which have the same mass as particles of ordinary matter but have opposite charge and quantum spin.

After 1965 Sakharov returned to fundamental science and began working on particle physics and cosmology.

) In the field of particle physics, " shmoo " refers to a high energy survey instrument, as utilized at the Los Alamos National Laboratory to capture subatomic cosmic ray particles emitted from the Cygnus X-3 constellation.

Because of its low density and atomic mass, beryllium is relatively transparent to X-rays and other forms of ionizing radiation ; therefore, it is the most common window material for X-ray equipment and in particle physics experiments.

After about 10 < sup >− 11 </ sup > seconds, the picture becomes less speculative, since particle energies drop to values that can be attained in particle physics experiments.

Dark energy in its simplest formulation takes the form of the cosmological constant term in Einstein's field equations of general relativity, but its composition and mechanism are unknown and, more generally, the details of its equation of state and relationship with the Standard Model of particle physics continue to be investigated both observationally and theoretically.

Precise modern models of the Big Bang appeal to various exotic physical phenomena that have not been observed in terrestrial laboratory experiments or incorporated into the Standard Model of particle physics.

The particle physics community as a whole did not view their existence as likely in 2006 ,< ref name = PDGPentaquarks2006 > W .- M. Yao et al.

Within the prevailing Standard Model of particle physics, the number of baryons may change in multiples of three due to the action of sphalerons, although this is rare and has not been observed under experiment.

Some grand unified theories of particle physics also predict that a single proton can decay, changing the baryon number by one ; however, this has not yet been observed under experiment.

Areas relevant to cosmology include particle physics experiments and theory, including astrophysics, general relativity, and plasma physics.

One is that there is no compelling reason, using current particle physics, to expect the universe to be flat, homogeneous and isotropic ( see the cosmological principle ).

Moreover, grand unified theories of particle physics suggest that there should be magnetic monopoles in the universe, which have not been found.

The physical model behind cosmic inflation is extremely simple, however it has not yet been confirmed by particle physics, and there are difficult problems reconciling inflation and quantum field theory.

The theory of baryogenesis was worked out by Andrei Sakharov in 1967, and requires a violation of the particle physics symmetry, called CP-symmetry, between matter and antimatter.

Both the problems of baryogenesis and cosmic inflation are very closely related to particle physics, and their resolution might come from high energy theory and experiment, rather than through observations of the universe.

Dark matter has never been detected in the laboratory, and the particle physics nature of dark matter remains completely unknown.

While the detailed particle physics mechanism responsible for inflation is not known, the basic picture makes a number of predictions that have been confirmed by observation.

Theoretical condensed matter physics shares important concepts and techniques with theoretical particle and nuclear physics.

Recalling the great physicist Enrico Fermi's word play on a neutron like particle, Outram coined the term Virino to describe a small virus.

This is a theoretically complicated dipole interaction which causes any extremely small uncharged particle to agglomerate with other small uncharged particles, or to stick to an uncharged surface.

by the absorption of energy from light ( photons ), magnetic fields, or interaction with a colliding particle ( typically other electrons ).

The BCS theory gives an expression that shows how the gap grows with the strength of the attractive interaction and the ( normal phase ) single particle density of states at the Fermi energy.

All the above mentioned mechanisms for minimizing particle aggregation rely on the enhancement of the repulsive interaction forces.

The Hartree-Fock method accounted for exchange statistics of single particle electron wavefunctions, but not for their Coulomb interaction.

In nuclear and particle physics, the concept of a cross section is used to express the likelihood of interaction between particles.

If a particle of the beam crosses this surface, there will be some kind of interaction.

This notion can be extended to any interaction between the impinging particle and the atoms in the target.

In the case of an electron, if it is initially " observed " at a particular slit, then the observer – particle ( photon – electron ) interaction includes information about the electron's position.

In particle physics, the electroweak interaction is the unified description of two of the four known fundamental interactions of nature: electromagnetism and the weak interaction.

When calculating scattering cross sections in particle physics, the interaction between particles can be described by starting from a free field which describes the incoming and outgoing particles, and including an interaction Hamiltonian to describe how the particles deflect one another.

The amplitude for scattering is the sum of each possible interaction history over all possible intermediate particle states.

Unlike a bubble chamber picture, only the sum of all the Feynman diagrams represent any given particle interaction ; particles do not choose a particular diagram each time they interact.

The hypothesis is that the gravitational interaction is likewise mediated by a – yet undiscovered – elementary particle, dubbed the graviton.

A Grand Unified Theory, ( GUT ), is a model in particle physics in which at high energy, the three gauge interactions of the Standard Model which define the electromagnetic, weak, and strong interactions, are merged into one single interaction characterized by one larger gauge symmetry and thus one unified coupling constant.

This design gives additional gas volume, and thereby increased chance of particle interaction, but allows low energy photons to enter the gas through the thin wall.

In particle physics, mesons ( or ) are hadronic subatomic particles composed of one quark and one antiquark, bound together by the strong interaction.

In the Yukawa interaction a virtual particle, later called a meson, mediated a force between all nucleons, including protons and neutrons.

Quarks are the only elementary particles in the Standard Model of particle physics to experience all four fundamental interactions, also known as fundamental forces ( electromagnetism, gravitation, strong interaction, and weak interaction ), as well as the only known particles whose electric charges are not integer multiples of the elementary charge.

Detailed computations with the above-mentioned Lagrangian show that the effective potential between a quark and its anti-quark in a meson contains a term, which represents some kind of " stiffness " of the interaction between the particle and its anti-particle at large

Within a theory, there is one field for each type of particle in that theory, and interaction terms between the fields.

In particle physics, the strong interaction ( also called the strong force, strong nuclear force, or color force ) is one of the four fundamental interactions of nature, the others being electromagnetism, the weak interaction and gravitation.