The electric charge-to-mass ratio of a particle can be measured by observing the radius of curling of its cloud-chamber track in a magnetic field.

By considering the propagation of the negative energy modes of the electron field backward in time, Ernst Stueckelberg reached a pictorial understanding of the fact that the particle and antiparticle have equal mass m and spin J but opposite charges q.

For example, it also predicts the variation of the particle density in a gravitational field with height, if.

Dark energy in its simplest formulation takes the form of the cosmological constant term in Einstein's field equations of general relativity, but its composition and mechanism are unknown and, more generally, the details of its equation of state and relationship with the Standard Model of particle physics continue to be investigated both observationally and theoretically.

The physical model behind cosmic inflation is extremely simple, however it has not yet been confirmed by particle physics, and there are difficult problems reconciling inflation and quantum field theory.

The hypothetical particle or field thought to be responsible for inflation is called the inflaton.

Another example of centripetal force arises in the helix which is traced out when a charged particle moves in a uniform magnetic field in the absence of other external forces.

volume ) and its position in time ( perceived as a scalar dimension along the t-axis ), as well as the spatial constitution of objects within — structures that correlate with both particle and field conceptions, interact according to relative properties of mass — and are fundamentally mathematical in description.

Thus, a field due to any particular particle or time-varying electric or magnetic field contributes to the fields present in the same space due to other causes.

In the field of high-energy particle physics, the fundamental velocity unit is the speed of light c. Thus, dividing energy in eV by the speed of light in vacuum, one can describe the momentum of an electron in units of eV / c.

Stored energy is created whenever a particle has been moved through a field it interacts with ( requiring a force to do so ), but the energy to accomplish this is stored as a new position of the particles in the field — a configuration that must be " held " or fixed by a different type of force ( otherwise, the new configuration would resolve itself by the field pushing or pulling the particle back toward its previous position ).

Diagram showing field lines and equipotential s around an electron, a negatively charged particle.

When calculating scattering cross sections in particle physics, the interaction between particles can be described by starting from a free field which describes the incoming and outgoing particles, and including an interaction Hamiltonian to describe how the particles deflect one another.

Stueckelberg was motivated by the need for a manifestly covariant formalism for quantum field theory, but did not provide as automated a way to handle symmetry factors and loops, although he was first to find the correct physical interpretation in terms of forward and backward in time particle paths, all without the path-integral.

A Feynman diagram is a representation of quantum field theory processes in terms of particle paths.

In physics, the graviton is a hypothetical elementary particle that mediates the force of gravitation in the framework of quantum field theory.

Gel electrophoresis uses a gel as an anticonvective medium and or sieving medium during electrophoresis, the movement of a charged particle in an electrical field.

Such group symmetries allow the reinterpretation of several known particles as different states of a single particle field.

Atomic physics is the field of physics that studies atoms as an isolated system of electrons and an atomic nucleus.

The diversity of systems and phenomena available for study makes condensed matter physics the most active field of contemporary physics: one third of all American physicists identify themselves as condensed matter physicists, and The Division of Condensed Matter Physics ( DCMP ) is the largest division of the American Physical Society.

The field overlaps with chemistry, materials science, and nanotechnology, and relates closely to atomic physics and biophysics.

Theoretical models have also been developed to study the physics of phase transitions, such as the Landau-Ginzburg theory, Critical exponents and the use of mathematical techniques of quantum field theory and the renormalization group.

* Relativity and Quantum field theory ( physics ), η ( with two subscripts ) represents the metric tensor of Minkowski space ( flat spacetime ).

Provided the theory is linear with respect to the wavefunction, the exact form of the quantum dynamics modelled, be it the non-relativistic Schrödinger equation, relativistic quantum field theory or some form of quantum gravity or string theory, does not alter the validity of MWI since MWI is a metatheory applicable to all linear quantum theories, and there is no experimental evidence for any non-linearity of the wavefunction in physics.

Explorer satellites have made important discoveries: Earth's magnetosphere and the shape of its gravity field ; the solar wind ; properties of micrometeoroids raining down on the Earth ; much about ultraviolet, cosmic, and X-rays from the solar system and universe beyond ; ionospheric physics ; Solar plasma ; solar energetic particles ; and atmospheric physics.

In some models of broken Lorentz symmetry, it is postulated that the symmetry is still built into the most fundamental laws of physics, but that spontaneous symmetry breaking of Lorentz invariance shortly after the Big Bang could have left a " relic field " throughout the universe which causes particles to behave differently depending on their velocity relative to the field ; however, there are also some models where Lorentz symmetry is broken in a more fundamental way.

de Garis originally studied theoretical physics, but he abandoned this field in favour of artificial intelligence.

The field is at the intersection of mathematics, statistics, computer science, physics, neurobiology, and electrical engineering.

Laser science is principally concerned with quantum electronics, laser construction, optical cavity design, the physics of producing a population inversion in laser media, and the temporal evolution of the light field in the laser.

Unlike the physics of rigid bodies where the equations of motion describe the physical location of the rigid body, fluid dynamics describes the flow as a velocity field, i. e. a solution associates each point in space with a vector that represents the speed and direction of the flow at that point.

It is a multidisciplinary field intersecting engineering, physics, chemistry, microtechnology and biotechnology, with practical

In the Standard Model of particle physics, this symmetry is described as arising as a consequence of a coupling of particles with rest mass to a postulated additional field, known as the Higgs field.

The term shmoo has also entered the lexicon, defining highly technical concepts in no less than four separate fields of science, including the variations shmooing ( a microbiological term for the " budding " process in yeast reproduction ), and shmoo plot ( a technical term in the field of electrical engineering ).

* In the field of particle physics, " shmoo " refers to a high energy survey instrument — as utilized at the Los Alamos National Laboratory for the Cygnus X-3 Sky Survey performed at the LAMPF ( Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility ) grounds.

* In the field of particle physics, " shmoo " refers to a high energy cosmic ray survey instrument utilized at the Los Alamos National Laboratory — for the Cygnus X-3 Sky Survey performed at the LAMPF ( Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility ) grounds.

The black letter law refers to the basic standard elements for a particular field of law, which are generally known and free from doubt or dispute.

Certification refers to the evaluation and recognition of the skills, knowledge, and / or competence of a practitioner in the field.

Gun specifically refers to a type of cannon that fires projectiles at high speeds, and usually at relatively low angles ; they have been used in warships, and as field artillery.

The term “ far from sources ” refers to how far from the source ( moving at the speed of light ) any portion of the outward-moving EM field is located, by the time that source currents are changed by the varying source potential, and the source has therefore begun to generate an outwardly moving EM field of a different phase.

In gridiron-based codes of football, the end zone refers to the scoring area on the field.

The term refers also to the study of such rules, and this field includes morphology, syntax, and phonology, often complemented by phonetics, semantics, and pragmatics.

In England ' mini hockey ' refers to a seven-a-side version of field hockey, played on an area equivalent to half a normal pitch for younger players

Note that this is not the ionic polarization effect which refers to displacement of ions in the lattice due to the application of an electric field.

One also speaks of field quantization, as in the " quantization of the electromagnetic field ", where one refers to photons as field " quanta " ( for instance as light quanta ).

In the field of computer networking and other packet-switched telecommunication networks, the traffic engineering term refers to resource reservation control mechanisms rather than the achieved service quality.

Although energy generated by stimulated emission is always at the exact frequency of the field which has stimulated it, the above rate equation refers only to excitation at the particular optical frequency corresponding to the energy of the transition.

" State-of-the-art technology " refers to the high technology available to humanity in any field.

In the field of musicology and ethnomusicology tradition refers to the belief systems, repertoire, techniques, style and culture that is passed down through subsequent generations.

Much of this may be categorized as computational chemistry, although computational chemistry usually refers to the application of theoretical chemistry in an applied setting, usually with some approximation scheme such as certain types of post-Hartree – Fock, density functional theory, semiempirical methods ( such as PM3 ) or force field methods.

The unresolved pointer contains an indication of the name of the segment to which the pointer refers and an offset within the segment ; the handler for the trap maps the segment into the address space, puts the segment number into the pointer, changes the tag field in the pointer so that it no longer causes a trap, and returns to the code where the trap occurred, re-executing the instruction that caused the trap.

Show Band, more commonly known as Traditional Style Band, refers primarily to marching bands geared towards crowd entertainment, and perform on fields ( for example, a football field ).

The term " enhancement mode " refers to the increase of conductivity with increase in oxide field that adds carriers to the channel, also referred to as the inversion layer.

The function here refers to whichever field ( the electric field or the magnetic field ) has no vector component in the longitudinal direction-the " transverse " field.