Connes has applied his work in areas of mathematics and theoretical physics, including number theory, differential geometry and particle physics.

The standard model of particle physics was developed that so far has successfully explained the properties of the nucleus in terms of these sub-atomic particles and the forces that govern their interactions.

In particle physics, antimatter is material composed of antiparticles, which have the same mass as particles of ordinary matter but have opposite charge and quantum spin.

After 1965 Sakharov returned to fundamental science and began working on particle physics and cosmology.

) In the field of particle physics, " shmoo " refers to a high energy survey instrument, as utilized at the Los Alamos National Laboratory to capture subatomic cosmic ray particles emitted from the Cygnus X-3 constellation.

Because of its low density and atomic mass, beryllium is relatively transparent to X-rays and other forms of ionizing radiation ; therefore, it is the most common window material for X-ray equipment and in particle physics experiments.

After about 10 < sup >− 11 </ sup > seconds, the picture becomes less speculative, since particle energies drop to values that can be attained in particle physics experiments.

Dark energy in its simplest formulation takes the form of the cosmological constant term in Einstein's field equations of general relativity, but its composition and mechanism are unknown and, more generally, the details of its equation of state and relationship with the Standard Model of particle physics continue to be investigated both observationally and theoretically.

Precise modern models of the Big Bang appeal to various exotic physical phenomena that have not been observed in terrestrial laboratory experiments or incorporated into the Standard Model of particle physics.

The particle physics community as a whole did not view their existence as likely in 2006 ,< ref name = PDGPentaquarks2006 > W .- M. Yao et al.

Within the prevailing Standard Model of particle physics, the number of baryons may change in multiples of three due to the action of sphalerons, although this is rare and has not been observed under experiment.

Some grand unified theories of particle physics also predict that a single proton can decay, changing the baryon number by one ; however, this has not yet been observed under experiment.

Areas relevant to cosmology include particle physics experiments and theory, including astrophysics, general relativity, and plasma physics.

One is that there is no compelling reason, using current particle physics, to expect the universe to be flat, homogeneous and isotropic ( see the cosmological principle ).

Moreover, grand unified theories of particle physics suggest that there should be magnetic monopoles in the universe, which have not been found.

The physical model behind cosmic inflation is extremely simple, however it has not yet been confirmed by particle physics, and there are difficult problems reconciling inflation and quantum field theory.

The theory of baryogenesis was worked out by Andrei Sakharov in 1967, and requires a violation of the particle physics symmetry, called CP-symmetry, between matter and antimatter.

Both the problems of baryogenesis and cosmic inflation are very closely related to particle physics, and their resolution might come from high energy theory and experiment, rather than through observations of the universe.

Dark matter has never been detected in the laboratory, and the particle physics nature of dark matter remains completely unknown.

While the detailed particle physics mechanism responsible for inflation is not known, the basic picture makes a number of predictions that have been confirmed by observation.

Theoretical condensed matter physics shares important concepts and techniques with theoretical particle and nuclear physics.

The new " reactor " is capable of splitting the thaum ( the basic particle of magic ), in homage to the Chicago Pile-1 nuclear reactor, which was housed in a rackets court at the University of Chicago.

Adaptivity in SPH can be introduced in two ways ; either by changing the particle smoothing lengths or by splitting SPH particles into ' daughter ' particles with smaller smoothing lengths.

For this reason particle splitting can be employed, with various conditions for splitting ranging from distance to a free surface through to material shear.

Despite their seemingly obsolete technology, the GLA succeeds in inflicting tremendous harm against the USA, by capturing an American particle uplink cannon which they then use to destroy the USS Ronald Reagan ( splitting her in half from starboard to port, as shown in the game's cover ) and infiltrating the US West Coast to steal toxins from a chemical storage facility.

Photochemical reactions rely on the splitting of molecules into constituent atoms, often with a significant portion of the kinetic energy carried off in the less massive particle with sufficiently high kinetic energy to escape.

The balls were then crushed in a mortar by the gunner immediately before use, with the old problem of uneven particle size and packing causing unpredictable results.

Let n denote a complete set of ( discrete ) quantum numbers for specifying single-particle states ( for example, for the particle in a box problem we can take n to be the quantized wave vector of the wavefunction.

Single-particle states are usually enumerated in terms of their momenta ( as in the particle in a box problem.

Historically, the most obvious way of combining the two ( such as treating gravity as simply another particle field ) ran quickly into what is known as the renormalization problem.

They also face the common problem that, as yet, there is no way to put quantum gravity predictions to experimental tests, although there is hope for this to change as future data from cosmological observations and particle physics experiments becomes available.

Then both concepts of particle and wave may be attributed to an observation problem of the gear.

This is the cosmological constant problem, the worst problem of fine-tuning in physics: there is no known natural way to derive the tiny cosmological constant used in cosmology from particle physics.

A possible way to avoid this problem is to combine some particles, which are far away from the particle under consideration, into one pseudoparticle.

* The standard model of particle physics, CP violation, the CKM matrix and the strong CP problem

Perhaps the simplest solution to the tautochrone problem is to note a direct relation between the angle of an incline and the gravity felt by a particle on the incline.

* The cuspy halo problem: cold particle dark matter predicts that the density distribution of DM halos be much more peaked than what is observed in galaxies by investigating their rotation curve.

* The missing satellites problem: cold particle dark matter predicts larger numbers of small dwarf galaxies ( about one thousandth the mass of the Milky Way ) than are observed.

Their most bitter dispute concerned finding the equation for the path followed by a particle from one point to another in the shortest time, if the particle is acted upon by gravity alone, a problem originally discussed by Galileo.

The two-body problem can be re-formulated as two independent one-body problems, a trivial one and one that involves solving for the motion of one particle in an external potential.

The α-sticking problem is the approximately 1 % probability of the muon " sticking " to the alpha particle that results from deuteron-triton nuclear fusion, thereby effectively removing the muon from the muon-catalysis process altogether.

If QFT holds all the way down past the Planck length ( where it might yield to string theory, causal set theory or something different ), then there may be no real problem with short-distance divergences in particle physics either ; all field theories could simply be effective field theories.

This is the problem of determining a curve on which a weighted particle will fall to a fixed point in a fixed amount of time, independent of the starting point.

Addressing this problem, Armand Jean Leray proposed a particle model ( perfectly similar to Le Sage's ) in which he asserted that the absorbed energy is used by the bodies to produce magnetism and heat.

This was the same fundamental problem which had afflicted the particle models.

As an engineer, May is most noted for having solved the " alpha particle problem ", which was affecting the reliability of integrated circuits as device features reached a critical size where a single alpha particle could change the state of a stored value and cause a single event upset.

The axion is a hypothetical elementary particle postulated by the Peccei – Quinn theory in 1977 to resolve the strong CP problem in quantum chromodynamics ( QCD ).

In computer science, particle swarm optimization ( PSO ) is a computational method that optimizes a problem by iteratively trying to improve a candidate solution with regard to a given measure of quality.