Consider the traditional `` four fields '' of philosophy: logic, ethics, epistemology and esthetics.

Aristotle's writings were the first to create a comprehensive system of Western philosophy, encompassing morality, aesthetics, logic, science, politics, and metaphysics.

Alan ’ s philosophy was a sort of mixture of Aristotelian logic and Neoplatonic philosophy.

It is a term used in logic and epistemology, particularly in the philosophy of Kant.

* Strict conditional, as used in philosophy, logic, and mathematics.

Today he is appreciated largely for his contributions to logic, mathematics, philosophy, scientific methodology, and semiotics, and for his founding of pragmatism.

He made major contributions to logic, but logic for him encompassed much of that which is now called epistemology and philosophy of science.

Meanwhile, he wrote entries, ultimately thousands during 1883 – 1909, on philosophy, logic, science, and other subjects for the encyclopedic Century Dictionary.

In 1879, Peirce was appointed Lecturer in logic at the new Johns Hopkins University, which was strong in a number of areas that interested him, such as philosophy ( Royce and Dewey did their PhDs at Hopkins ), psychology ( taught by G. Stanley Hall and studied by Joseph Jastrow, who coauthored a landmark empirical study with Peirce ), and mathematics ( taught by J. J. Sylvester, who came to admire Peirce's work on mathematics and logic ).

For instance, a professor of formal logic called Chin Yueh-lin – who was then regarded as China ’ s leading authority on his subject – was induced to write: “ The new philosophy Marxism-Leninism, being scientific, is the supreme truth ”.

All Dominican students were required to learn grammar, old and new logic, natural philosophy and theology.

He broke with the positivist orientation of the science and philosophy of his day, yet he elaborated critiques of historicism and of psychologism in logic.

Rudolf Carnap was also influenced by Husserl, not only concerning Husserl's notion of essential insight that Carnap used in his Der Raum, but also his notion of " formation rules " and " transformation rules " is founded on Husserl's philosophy of logic.

In logic and the foundations of mathematics, formal languages are used to represent the syntax of axiomatic systems, and mathematical formalism is the philosophy that all of mathematics can be reduced to the syntactic manipulation of formal languages in this way.

First-order logic is a formal system used in mathematics, philosophy, linguistics, and computer science.

He became a Fellow of Trinity in 1898, and went on to hold the University of Cambridge chair of mental philosophy and logic, from 1925 to 1939.

Arguably the most accomplished of all medical researchers of antiquity, Galen contributed greatly to the understanding of numerous scientific disciplines, including anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, and neurology, as well as philosophy and logic.

He was born in September 129 AD ; his father, Aelius Nicon, was a wealthy patrician, an architect and builder, with eclectic interests including philosophy, mathematics, logic, astronomy, agriculture and literature.

Although the main focus of his work was on medicine, anatomy, and physiology, Galen also wrote about logic and philosophy.

Indian theories about the atom are greatly abstract and enmeshed in philosophy as they were based on logic and not on personal experience or experimentation.

This period has been called the Golden Age of India and was marked by extensive achievements in science, technology, engineering, art, dialectic, literature, logic, mathematics, astronomy, religion, and philosophy that crystallized the elements of what is generally known as Hindu culture.

One argument in the field of philosophy of consciousness deals with what it is that makes a mental state “ conscious ” in the sense of there being something it is like to experience that state.

A collection of Preston and Bishop's original essays exploring the argument from the context of philosophy and cognitive science was published in 2002.

Although the Chinese Room argument was originally presented in reaction to the statements of AI researchers, philosophers have come to view it as an important part of the philosophy of mind.

This argument does not take into account the issues pertaining to hermeneutics, especially at the backdrop of analytic philosophy.

Most sources agree that the chief method of philosophy is logical, rational, critical enquiry and argument " of a more or less systematic kind.

This is in contrast with the methods found in analytic philosophy, whereby some say a philosopher will sometimes begin by appealing to his or her intuitions on an issue and then form an argument with those intuitions as premises.

Moore's open question argument against what he considered the naturalistic fallacy was largely responsible for the birth of meta-ethical research in contemporary analytic philosophy.

At the core of Merleau-Ponty's philosophy is a sustained argument for the foundational role that perception plays in understanding the world as well as engaging with the world.

The teleological argument was presented by the early Islamic philosophers, Alkindus and Averroes ( founder of Averroism ), while Avicenna ( founder of the Avicennism school of Islamic philosophy ) presented both the cosmological argument and ontological argument in The Book of Healing ( 1027 ).

A good argument — a clear, organized, and sound statement of reasons — may ultimately cure the original doubts that motivated us to take up philosophy.

Since Plato's argument has shaped western philosophy, rhetoric has mainly been regarded as an evil that has no epistemic status.

The new genre, called dissertation, had been invented in 1866, for the purpose of rational argument in the philosophy class.

The structure of Darwin's argument showed the influence of John Herschel, whose philosophy of science maintained that a mechanism could be called a vera causa ( true cause ) if three things could be demonstrated: its existence in nature, its ability to produce the effects of interest, and its ability to explain a wide range of observations.

Perhaps the main argument offered against this possibility in the history of philosophy is the argument from analogy ( other things have minds if they are sufficiently similar to us ); it can be found in the works of John Stuart Mill, A. J. Ayer, and Bertrand Russell.

Since Paley is often read in university courses that address the philosophy of religion, the timing of his design argument has sometimes perplexed modern philosophers.

Heidegger's intuition about the question of being is thus a historical argument, which in his later work becomes his concern with the " history of being ," that is, the history of the forgetting of being, which according to Heidegger requires that philosophy retrace its footsteps through a productive " destruction " of the history of philosophy.

Finally, Kripke gave an argument against identity materialism in the philosophy of mind, the view that every mental fact is identical with some physical fact.

Has two papers in support of the argument, but many more on the philosophy of religion available for download here.

Dialectic ( also dialectics and the dialectical method ) is a method of argument for resolving disagreement that has been central to Indian and European philosophy since antiquity.

Philosophy is distinguished from other ways of addressing these issues by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on reasoned argument, rather than experiments ( experimental philosophy being an exception ).