However, for quasi-equilibrium systems ( e. g. spins out of equilibrium with the electromagnetic field ) this argument does not apply, and negative effective temperatures are attainable.

Philosopher G. H. R. Parkinson notes a common objection to Kant's argument: that what ought to be done does not necessarily entail that it is possible.

However, this argument does not necessarily apply to bacteria.

The beauty of his argument is that the final result does not depend upon which forces are involved in setting up the dynamic equilibrium.

The best argument for rule-consequentialism is that it does a better job than its rivals of matching and tying together our moral convictions, as well as offering us help with our moral disagreements and uncertainties "

Proponents argued that the name Dominion Day was a holdover from the colonial era, an argument given some impetus by the patriation of the Canadian Constitution in 1982, and others asserted that an alternative was needed as the term does not translate well into French.

Although it was originally presented in reaction to the statements of artificial intelligence researchers, it is not an argument against the goals of AI research, because it does not limit the amount of intelligence a machine can display.

The argument applies only to digital computers and does not apply to machines in general.

According to one argument, the " receiving " culture does not necessarily perceive this link, but instead absorbs the foreign culture passively through the use of the foreign goods and services.

One objection to the argument is that it leaves open the question of why the First Cause is unique in that it does not require a cause.

An objection against the theist implication of the proposition is that even if one accepts the argument as a proof of a First Cause, it does not identify that First Cause with God.

The argument does not go on to ascribe to the First Cause some of the basic attributes commonly associated with, for instance, a theistic God, such as immanence or omnibenevolence.

He also presents an argument against qualia ; he argues that the concept is so confused that it cannot be put to any use or understood in any non-contradictory way, and therefore does not constitute a valid refutation of physicalism.

A final argument is the Zoo hypothesis, which states that superintelligent extraterrestrial life exists and does not contact life on Earth to allow for its natural evolution and development.

This argument is embodied in the Copernican principle, which states that the Earth does not occupy a unique position in the Universe, and the mediocrity principle, which holds that there is nothing special about life on Earth.

It does have a notion of " generator ", which amounts to a function accepting a function as an argument, and, since it is an assembly-level language, code can be used as data, so IPL can be regarded as having higher-order functions.

Bertrand Russell noted: " The argument does not, to a modern mind, seem very convincing, but it is easier to feel convinced that it must be fallacious than it is to find out precisely where the fallacy lies.

For if this argument works, then any property that has changed from the last time we looked at a thing would mean that the thing does not exist anymore, and there is a new thing in its place.

One line of argument in favor of externalism begins with the observation that if what justified our beliefs failed to eliminate significantly the risk of error, then it does not seem that knowledge would be attainable as it would appear that when our beliefs did happen to be correct, this would really be a matter of good fortune.

But his argument is that all men are sinners ; that they are so through original depravity ; that this original depravity may be overcome by the grace of God, and he adds that he does not know but that Mary may have had sufficient grace to overcome sin " of every sort " ( omni ex parte ).

Irreducible complexity is not an argument that evolution does not occur, but rather an argument that it is " incomplete ".

The judge in the Dover trial wrote " By defining irreducible complexity in the way that he has, Professor Behe attempts to exclude the phenomenon of exaptation by definitional fiat, ignoring as he does so abundant evidence which refutes his argument.

Behe has been accused of using an " argument by lack of imagination ", and Behe himself acknowledges that a failure of current science to explain how an " irreducibly complex " organism did or could evolve does not automatically prove the impossibility of such an evolution.

* " By defining irreducible complexity in the way that he has, Professor Behe attempts to exclude the phenomenon of exaptation by definitional fiat, ignoring as he does so abundant evidence which refutes his argument.

She'd say she didn't feel good on Sunday, couldn't go to church -- there'd be a little argument, but she could be stubborn -- and when the old woman had gone, quick pack the things she'd need to take, all but the dress she'd wear Monday, and take the bag down to that place in the station where you could put things in a locker overnight, for a dime.

In theoretical computer science, currying provides a way to study functions with multiple arguments in very simple theoretical models such as the lambda calculus in which functions only take a single argument.

Nearly all the descriptive words used to justify the genus division were relative terms without a reference measure, and the argument did not take into account the size differences between the species, which can be considerable.

This argument is the direct predecessor of modern ideas of a brain in a vat and many popular conceptions of cyberspace take Descartes's ideas as their starting point.

Based on this argument, the privileged frame, wherein the laws of physics take on the simplest form, is a stationary frame in which no fictitious forces need to be invoked.

The argument against disclosure is that providing complete details or tools to malicious attackers, such as black hats and script kiddies, allows them to take advantage of vulnerabilities more quickly and makes attacks more widespread.

*" Between the Lines: Picnic in the Democrative Forest " An argument that food writing should take on " a democratic way of looking at our food culture.

After an intense argument with General Heinz Guderian, who insisted on a change of command of the Army Group Vistula, Hitler assigned General Walther Wenck to Himmler's headquarters to take over command of a limited counter-offensive ; Hitler then observed that it was not possible for him to move the troops needed for Guderian's planned double pincer attack from neighbouring regions.

Other critics take a different approach, pointing to experimental evidence that they believe falsifies the argument for Intelligent Design from irreducible complexity.

A good argument — a clear, organized, and sound statement of reasons — may ultimately cure the original doubts that motivated us to take up philosophy.

In his book Rethinking Life and Death, as well as in Practical Ethics, Singer asserts that, if we take the premises at face value, the argument is deductively valid.

Singer's argument for abortion differs from many other proponents of abortion, then ; rather than attacking the second premise of the anti-abortion argument, Singer attacks the first premise, denying that it is necessarily wrong to take innocent human life:

A few instructions take an immediate argument.

He proposed that the argument from design does not take into consideration future events which may serve to undermine the proof of God's existence: the argument would never finish proving God's existence.

His desire to be comprehensive meant that he would take both sides of an argument and his opponents accused him of filling his books with the quotations of others.

And people will take underdeveloped parts of the argument, work on them, then patch them in.

English has a number of generally ditransitive verbs, such as give, grant, and tell and many transitive verbs that can take an additional argument ( commonly a beneficiary or target of the action ), such as pass, read, bake, etc.

However, there is currently no argument from physics that there would be one brane for each physically possible version of history as in the many-worlds interpretation, nor is there any argument that time travel would take one to a different brane.

Arion is alluded to in Plato's " Republic " at 453d, where Socrates says: “ Then we, too, must swim and try to escape out of the sea of argument in the hope that either some dolphin will take us on its back.

Dialectics is also different from rhetoric, wherein the speaker uses logos, pathos, or ethos to persuade listeners to take their side of the argument.