In phonology, syncope (; Greek: syn-+ koptein “ to strike, cut off ”) is the loss of one or more sounds from the interior of a word ; especially, the loss of an unstressed vowel.

In phonology, epenthesis (;, from epi " on " + en " in " + thesis " putting ") is the addition of one or more sounds to a word, especially to the interior of a word.

In phonology, hiatus (; " gaping ") or diaeresis ( or, from Ancient Greek diaíresis " division ") refers to two vowel sounds occurring in adjacent syllables, with no intervening consonant.

In phonology, apocope (; Greek apokoptein meaning cutting off, from apo-meaning away from and koptein meaning to cut ) is the loss of one or more sounds from the end of a word, and especially the loss of an unstressed vowel.

Abjads differ from abugidas, another category invented by Daniels, in that in abjads, the vowel sound is implied by phonology, and where vowel marks exist for the system, such as nikkud for Hebrew and harakāt for Arabic, their use is optional and not the dominant ( or literate ) form.

South Asian English phonology is highly variable ; stress, rhythm and intonation are generally different from those of native varieties.

In the 9th or 10th century, Yehuda Ibn Quraysh compared the phonology and morphology of Hebrew, Aramaic, and Arabic, but attributed this resemblance to the Biblical story of Babel, with Abraham, Isaac and Joseph retaining Adam's language, with other languages at various removes becoming more altered from the original Hebrew.

The phonology is known through the alternation of Greek and Etruscan letters in some inscriptions ( for example, the Iguvine Tables ), and many individual words are known through loans into or from Greek and Latin, as well as explanations of Etruscan words by ancient authors.

The phonology, morphology, syntax, and vocabulary of the language show both conservative and innovative tendencies across the entire attestation of the language from the ancient to the modern period.

A radical departure from the rhyme table tradition that had evolved over the previous centuries, this dictionary contains a wealth of information on the phonology of Old Mandarin.

Technically, both Pǔtōng ​ huà ​ and Guó ​ yǔ base their phonology on the Beijing accent, though Pǔtōng ​ huà ​ also takes some elements from other sources.

The phonology of Norn can never be determined with much precision due to the lack of source material, but the general aspects can be extrapolated from the few written sources that do exist.

The word phonology comes from Greek φωνή, phōnḗ, " voice, sound ", and the suffix-logy ( which is from Greek λόγος, lógos, " word, speech, subject of discussion ").

So to look at lexicogrammar, we can analyze it from two more levels, ' above '( semantic ) and ' below ' ( phonology ).

This work was crucial in establishing phonology as a discipline separate from phonetics.

It is sometimes hard to distinguish Troubetzkoy's views from those of his friend Roman Jakobson, who should be credited with spreading the Prague School views on phonology after Troubetzkoy's death.

In general, Michif noun phrase phonology, lexicon, morphology, and syntax are derived from Métis French, while verb phrase phonology, lexicon, morphology, and syntax are from a southern variety of Plains Cree.

There was no single pronunciation of Vulgar Latin, and the pronunciation of Vulgar Latin in the various Latin-speaking areas is indistinguishable from the earlier history of the phonology of the Romance languages.

Chomsky and Halle present a view of phonology as a linguistic subsystem, separate from other components of the grammar, that transforms an underlying phonemic sequence according to rules and produces as its output the phonetic form that is uttered by a speaker.

Although phonetics often informs phonology, it is often excluded from the purview of theoretical linguistics, along with psycholinguistics and sociolinguistics.

That is one obvious difference from phonology, which concerns the structure and organisation of speech sounds in natural languages, and furthermore has a theoretical and abstract nature.

The following phonology is that of Abu Dida, from Miller ( 2005 ).

This stems from a major change ( a tone split ) that occurred historically in the phonology of the Thai language.

Moreover, with Lithuanian being so archaic in phonology, Slavic words can often be deduced from Lithuanian by regular sound laws.

Of course, something of the same sort occurs with other sectors of the phonology: consonantal articulations have both a linguistic and an individual component.

Its phonology includes archaisms ( unstressed and internal, where other dialects have and ) and innovations ( for before and after front-tongue vowels ).

Still other methods in phonology ( e. g. Optimality Theory, which uses lattice graphs ) and morphology ( e. g. finite-state morphology, using finite-state transducers ) are common in the analysis of language as a graph.

This article deals primarily with modern scholarship's best reconstruction of Classical Latin's phonemes ( phonology ) and the pronunciation and spelling used by educated people in the late Republic, and then touches upon later changes and other variants.

A phoneme is a basic unit of a language's phonology, which is combined with other phonemes to form meaningful units such as words or morphemes.

In contrast to phonetics, phonology is the study of how sounds and gestures pattern in and across languages, relating such concerns with other levels and aspects of language.

In other words, phonetics belongs to descriptive linguistics, and phonology to theoretical linguistics.

Although closely related to other East Slavic languages, Belarusian phonology is distinct in a number of ways.

Like many other sign languages, BSL phonology is defined by elements such as hand shape, orientation, location, and motion.

On the other hand, it shows that glottochronology can really only be used as a serious scientific tool on language families the historical phonology of which has been meticulously elaborated ( at least to the point of being able to clearly distinguish between cognates and loanwords ).

Although much of the interest in optimality theory has been associated with its use in phonology, the area to which optimality theory was first applied, the theory is also applicable to other subfields of linguistics ( e. g. syntax and semantics ).

Sandhi occurs particularly prominently in the phonology of Indian languages ( especially Telugu, Tamil, Kannada, Malayalam language, Marathi, Bengali and most importantly Sanskrit, which have complex sandhi rules ), hence its name, but many other languages have it.

Like other Polynesian languages, the phonology of Marquesan languages is characterised by a paucity of consonants and a comparative abundance of vowels.

The large number of words assimilated from other languages is one of them ; and even more importantly, English began to be widely written and printed during the Middle English period: the subsequent development of modern English included a Great Vowel Shift and many other changes in phonology.

The contemporary classification of the Polynesian languages began with certain observations by Andrew Pawley in 1966 based on shared innovations in phonology, vocabulary and grammar showing that the East Polynesian languages were more closely related to Samoan than they were to Tongan, calling Tongan and its nearby relative Niuean " Tongic " and Samoan and all other Polynesian languages of the study " Nuclear Polynesian ".

Grammatically, the two are very similar ; however, the differences in phonology are substantial, and are the main reason why many other linguists prefer to keep the two separate.

The 12th-century Yunjing and other rime tables incorporate a more sophisticated and convenient analysis of the Qieyun phonology.

The phonology of Mozarabic is more archaic than the other Romance languages in Spain, fitting with the general idea that language varieties in more isolated or peripheral areas act as " islands of conservatism ".

* Wesh and weshing ( for wash and washing ) are part of a wider regional dialectical trait which is reminiscent of Old English phonology, where stressed a mutated to e. This can also be observed in other modern Germanic languages, but it is particularly prevalent in German and Icelandic

It can be said that Rio de Janeiro presents a sociolect inside the major fluminense-capixaba dialect, as speakers inside the city may be easily recognizable more by their slang than the way the phonology of their speech, closer to the standard Brazilian Portuguese present in media than other variants.