The difficulty of analysis of any subsystem in the phonology is an inverse function of the size -- smaller systems are more troublesome -- for any given degree of morphophonemic complexity.

Abjads differ from abugidas, another category invented by Daniels, in that in abjads, the vowel sound is implied by phonology, and where vowel marks exist for the system, such as nikkud for Hebrew and harakāt for Arabic, their use is optional and not the dominant ( or literate ) form.

In phonology, an allophone (; from the, állos, " other " and φωνή, phōnē, " voice, sound ") is one of a set of multiple possible spoken sounds ( or phones ) used to pronounce a single phoneme.

Like most dialects of English it is distinguished primarily by its vowel phonology.

South Asian English phonology is highly variable ; stress, rhythm and intonation are generally different from those of native varieties.

The-m -/- v-alternation is a common enough phenomenon in Dravidian phonology " ( Zvelebil 1990 p. xxi )

A dialect is distinguished by its vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation ( phonology, including prosody ).

Written Danish and Norwegian Bokmål are particularly close, though the phonology ( that is, the system of relationships among the speech sounds that constitute the fundamental components of the language ) and the prosody ( the patterns of stress and intonation ) differ somewhat.

Although Jones is especially remembered for his work on the phonetics and phonology of English, he ranged far more widely.

Functions exist on all levels of grammar, and even in phonology, where the function of the phoneme is to distinguish between lexical material.

Syntax refers to linguistic structure above the word level ( e. g. how sentences are formed )— though without taking into account intonation, which is the domain of phonology.

This pronunciation, in the form used by the Jerusalem Sephardic community, is the basis of the Hebrew phonology of Israeli native speakers.

This article is about the phonology of the Hebrew language based on the Israeli dialect.

The later forms of Late Middle Japanese are the first to be described by non-native sources, in this case the Jesuit and Franciscan missionaries ; and thus there is better documentation of Late Middle Japanese phonology than for previous forms ( for instance, the Arte da Lingoa de Iapam ).

The wide distance between the two stages of Grimm's development in these two editions is significantly shown by the fact that while the first edition gives only the inflections, in the second volume phonology takes up no fewer than 600 pages, more than half of the whole volume.

Klingon has been developed with a phonology that, while based on human natural languages, is intended to sound alien to human language.

The genetic classification the language is based entirely on phonology.

When linguists study the lexicon, they consider such things as what constitutes a word ; the word-concept relationship ; lexical access and lexical access failure ; how a word's phonology, syntax, and meaning intersect ; the morphology-word relationship ; vocabulary structure within a given language ; language use ( that is, pragmatics ); language acquisition ; the history and evolution of words ( i. e. etymology ); and the relationships between words, often studied within philosophy of language.

A phoneme is a basic unit of a language's phonology, which is combined with other phonemes to form meaningful units such as words or morphemes.

In contrast to phonetics, phonology is the study of how sounds and gestures pattern in and across languages, relating such concerns with other levels and aspects of language.

While it is widely agreed that phonology is grounded in phonetics, phonology is a distinct branch of linguistics, concerned with sounds and gestures as abstract units ( e. g., distinctive features, phonemes, mora, syllables, etc.

An important part of traditional, pre-generative, schools of phonology is studying which sounds can be grouped into distinctive units within a language ; these units are known as phonemes.

J. R. Firth, known internationally for his original work in phonology and semantics, was Senior Lecturer, Reader and Professor of General Linguistics at the school between 1938 and 1956.

Much of the vocabulary borrowed by Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese ( collectively known as Sino-Xenic vocabulary ) descends from Early Middle Chinese, but many distinctions were inevitably lost in mapping Chinese phonology onto foreign phonological systems.

One of his most well known works is the 29th ( and final ) edition of Wilhelm Gesenius ' Hebrew Grammar ( 1918 – 1929 ), which remained incomplete, containing only phonology and morphology of the verb.

He made great contributions to the study of Historical Chinese phonology, and is known for his annotated edition of Shuowen Jiezi.

Consequently the whole area was given his name, which, according to the phenomenon featuring the old Athenian phonology and known as tsitakism, was pronounced ' Galatsis ', thus the name of the area was finally Galatsi.

Crowley and Dixon ( 1981 ) summarise what little is known of Tasmanian phonology and grammar.

In phonetics and phonology, a velar stop is a type of consonantal sound, made with the back of the tongue in contact with the soft palate ( also known as the velum, hence velar ), held tightly enough to block the passage of air ( hence a stop consonant ).

They are known for their apparent archaic Semitic features, especially in their system of phonology — for example, they preserve the lateral fricatives of Proto-Semitic.

Modern knowledge of Sumerian phonology is inevitably extremely flawed and incomplete because of the lack of native speakers, the transmission through the filter of Akkadian phonology and the difficulties posed by the cuneiform script.

They were aware of this, and attempted to reconstruct Qieyun phonology as well as possible through a close analysis of regularities in the system and co-occurrence relationships between the initials and finals indicated by the fanqie characters.

The Kit proceeds from the simplest aspects of language upward, starting with phonology and writing systems, moving on to words, going through the complexities of grammar, and ending with an overview of registers and dialects.

Comparative linguistics includes the study of the historical relationships of languages using the comparative method to search for regular ( i. e. recurring ) correspondences between the languages ' phonology, grammar and core vocabulary, and through hypothesis testing ; some persons with little or no specialization in the field sometimes attempt to establish historical associations between languages by noting similarities between them, in a way that is considered pseudoscientific by specialists ( e. g. African / Egyptian comparisons ).

It may refer to various systems of representing Korean phonology through Chinese characters called hanja, which were used from the early Three Kingdoms to Joseon periods.

When two languages with an asymmetrical power relationship come into contact — such as through colonization or in a refugee situation — the creole that results is typically largely based on the prestige language ; as noted above, linguists have observed that the low-prestige language usually provides the phonology, while the high-prestige language provides the lexicon and grammatical structure.

In generative phonology, the differences can be acquired through rules.

Againsting the syntax-centered view of generative grammar ( syntactocentrism ), he specifically treats phonology, syntax and semantics as three parallel generative processes, coordinated through interface processes.

The main phonological changes occurred during the Hellenistic and Roman period ( see Koine Greek phonology for details ), and included:

The word phonology comes from Greek φωνή, phōnḗ, " voice, sound ", and the suffix-logy ( which is from Greek λόγος, lógos, " word, speech, subject of discussion ").

* Ancient Greek phonology

But because it was borrowed when Greek oi was pronounced as y ( see Koine Greek phonology ), it was transliterated into Latin as metycus.

See Ancient Greek phonology and Pronunciation of Ancient Greek in teaching.

Phonotactics ( from Ancient Greek phōnḗ " voice, sound " and taktikós " having to do with arranging ") is a branch of phonology that deals with restrictions in a language on the permissible combinations of phonemes.

In phonology, syncope (; Greek: syn-+ koptein “ to strike, cut off ”) is the loss of one or more sounds from the interior of a word ; especially, the loss of an unstressed vowel.

The alphabet is essentially an uncial form of the Greek alphabet, with a few additional letters to account for Gothic phonology: Latin F, two Runic letters to distinguish the / j / and / w / glides from vocalic / i / and / u /, and the ƕair letter to express the Gothic labiovelar.

Its phonology was influenced by contact languages such as Spanish, Ladino, Arabic, Portuguese and Greek.

Accordingly, Cypriot is the only Greek dialect with a significant presence of spontaneous use online, including blogs and bulletin boards, and even a version of Greeklish reflecting the dialect's distinct phonology.

The Cypriot dialect of Arabic has also been influenced by Syriac, Greek, and Turkish, and in a lesser degree by French and Italian in its phonology and vocabulary, while retaining certain unusually archaic features in other respects.

In phonology, hiatus (; " gaping ") or diaeresis ( or, from Ancient Greek diaíresis " division ") refers to two vowel sounds occurring in adjacent syllables, with no intervening consonant.

* Epichoric Greek names that either differ from the phonology of the introduced Attic or that remained almost confined to Macedonians throughout antiquity

The toponyms of Macedonia proper are generally Greek, though some of them show a particular Macedonian phonology that might set them apart and a few others are non-Greek.

The Macedonian names of about half or more of the months of the ancient Macedonian calendar have a clear and generally accepted Greek etymology ( e. g. Dios, Apellaios, Artemisios, Loos, Daisios ), though some of the remaining ones have sometimes been considered to be Greek but showing a particular Macedonian phonology ( e. g. Audunaios has been connected to " Haides " * A-wid and Gorpiaios / Garpiaios to " karpos " fruit ).

In phonology, apocope (; Greek apokoptein meaning cutting off, from apo-meaning away from and koptein meaning to cut ) is the loss of one or more sounds from the end of a word, and especially the loss of an unstressed vowel.

Ancient Greek had a broader range of vowels ( see Ancient Greek phonology ) than Modern Greek.