In astrophysics and cosmology, the anthropic principle is the philosophical consideration that observations of the physical Universe must be compatible with the conscious life that observes it.

: For an annotated list of textbooks and monographs, see physical cosmology.

In physical cosmology, cosmic inflation, cosmological inflation or just inflation is the theorized extremely rapid exponential expansion of the early universe by a factor of at least 10 < sup > 78 </ sup > in volume, driven by a negative-pressure vacuum energy density.

In physical cosmology, the Copernican principle, named after Nicolaus Copernicus, states that the Earth is not in a central, specially favored position.

Kepler described his new astronomy as " celestial physics ", as " an excursion into Aristotle's Metaphysics ", and as " a supplement to Aristotle's On the Heavens ", transforming the ancient tradition of physical cosmology by treating astronomy as part of a universal mathematical physics.

In astrophysics and physical cosmology, Olbers ' paradox, named after the German astronomer Heinrich Wilhelm Olbers and also called the " dark night sky paradox ", is the argument that the darkness of the night sky conflicts with the assumption of an infinite and eternal static universe.

Physicists study a wide range of physical phenomena in many branches of physics spanning all length scales: from sub-atomic particles of which all ordinary matter is made ( particle physics ) to the behavior of the material Universe as a whole ( cosmology ).

One proposed timeline of the origin of space, from physical cosmology.

The modern era of physical cosmology began in 1917, when Albert Einstein first applied his general theory of relativity to model the structure and dynamics of the universe.

Also included are the predictions of cosmology, the results of the interpretation of quantum mechanics, the foundations of statistical mechanics, causality, determinism, and the nature of physical laws.

In physical cosmology, the term cosmos is often used in a technical way, referring to a particular space-time continuum within the ( postulated ) multiverse.

In physical cosmology, the cosmological constant ( usually denoted by the Greek capital letter lambda: Λ ) is equivalent to an energy density in otherwise empty space.

Hubble's law or Lemaître's law is the name for the astronomical observation in physical cosmology that: ( 1 ) all objects observed in deep space ( intergalactic space ) are found to have a doppler shift observable relative velocity to Earth, and to each other ; and ( 2 ) that this doppler-shift-measured velocity, of various galaxies receding from the Earth, is proportional to their distance from the Earth and all other interstellar bodies.

In physical cosmology, Big Bang nucleosynthesis ( or primordial nucleosynthesis, abbreviated BBN ) refers to the production of nuclei other than those of H-1 ( i. e. the normal, light isotope of hydrogen, whose nuclei consist of a single proton each ) during the early phases of the universe.

Modern cosmological ideas follow the development of the scientific discipline of physical cosmology.

The shape of the universe is a matter of debate in physical cosmology over the local and global geometry of the universe which considers both curvature and topology, though, strictly speaking, it goes beyond both.

Cosmologists normally work with a given space-like slice of spacetime called the comoving coordinates, the existence of a preferred set of which is possible and widely accepted in present-day physical cosmology.

Mount Meru (), also called Sumeru i. e. the " Excellent Meru " and Mahameru i. e. " Great Meru ", is a sacred mountain in Jain cosmology, Hindu as well as Buddhist cosmology and is considered to be the center of all the physical, metaphysical and spiritual universes.

It also forms the basis for the rigorous path integral formulation of quantum mechanics ( by the Feynman – Kac formula, a solution to the Schrödinger equation can be represented in terms of the Wiener process ) and the study of eternal inflation in physical cosmology.

In particle physics and physical cosmology, the Planck scale is an energy scale around 1. 22 × 10 < sup > 19 </ sup > GeV ( which corresponds by the mass – energy equivalence to the Planck mass 2. 17645 × 10 < sup >− 8 </ sup > kg ) at which quantum effects of gravity become strong.

In modern physical cosmology, the cosmological principle is the working assumption that observers on Earth do not occupy an unusual or privileged location within the universe as a whole, judged as observers of the physical phenomena produced by uniform and universal laws of physics.

In physical cosmology, first light refers to the light emitted from the first generation of hyperstars, formed less than a billion years after the big bang, which brought to an end cosmological dark ages.

The ultimate fate of the universe is a topic in physical cosmology.

A successful mathematical classification method for physical lattice defects, which works not only with the theory of dislocations and other defects in crystals but also, e. g., for disclinations in liquid crystals and for excitations in superfluid < sup > 3 </ sup > He, is the topological homotopy theory.

There is also growing interest from both knot theorists and scientists in understanding " physical " or geometric properties of knots and relating it to topological invariants and knot type.

The braiding of ( 2 + 1 ) dimensional space-time trajectories formed by motion of physical rods, periodic orbits or " ghost rods ", and almost-invariant sets has been used to estimate the topological entropy of several engineered and naturally occurring fluid systems, via the use of Nielsen – Thurston classification.

PCI Express is just a serial version of PCI, which, even with its serial physical layer, lacks basic features that are present in modern communications fabrics: source directed routing, a message passing protocol, classes of service, multicast, topological flexibility and much more.

In physics, a topological quantum number ( also called topological charge ) is any quantity, in a physical theory, that takes on only one of a discrete set of values, due to topological considerations.

Most commonly, topological quantum numbers are topological invariants associated with topological defects or soliton-type solutions of some set of differential equations modeling a physical system, as the solitons themselves owe their stability to topological considerations.

This has been described as a psychiatric redefinition of Cesare Lombroso's theories of the ' born criminal ', conceptualised as a ' moral defect ', though Kraepelin stressed it was not yet possible to recognise them by physical characteristics.

However, the unperturbed Dr. Lamar, who for years has been asking Vincent during physical exams if he ever told Vincent the story of his own son, once again asks and this time goes on to tell it: His son admires Vincent and wants to be an astronaut despite a genetic defect that would rule him out.

* A birth defect is a physical or mental abnormality present at the time of birth.

Performing a physical examination to determine any visual field defect may be necessary if a pituitary lesion is suspected, which may compress the optic chiasm causing typical bitemporal hemianopia.

Then in 1992, the birth and death of a child with a physical defect — anencephaly — stirred suspicion from several residents.

* Somatic type: delusions that the person has some physical defect or general medical condition

* Birth defect is a widely used term for a congenital malformation, i. e. a congenital, physical anomaly which is recognizable at birth, and which is significant enough to be considered a problem.

* A congenital malformation is a congenital physical anomaly that is deleterious, i. e. a structural defect perceived as a problem.

somatoform disorder, wherein the affected person is concerned with body image, manifested as excessive concern about and preoccupation with a perceived defect of their physical features.

Entirely for his own purposes, Loki magically endowed mystical powers on a small group of normal humans, transforming Madelyne into a mystical healer of virtually any injury, illness, or physical defect, and given the name " Anodyne ".

The mothers were controlling and discouraged boyish aggression ; the fathers were remote and dissatisfied with their son whose physical defect was equated to their own personal failures.

An amendment in 1978 allowed abortions to be performed at any point in cases of disease or physical defect in the woman.

Iterative Brownfield development can allow the gradual refinement of logical and physical architectures and incremental testing for the whole approach, resulting in development acceleration, improved solution quality and cheaper defect removal.

" Speaking in Nova Scotia, Chrétien stated that " God gave me a physical defect, I've accepted that since I was a kid.

Attacking a physical defect was widely seen by Canadians as a low blow and as an American-style no-holds-barred campaign style that should not be imported.

15. 15b-20: Exclusion from the community on the basis of a physical defect.

Disabilities with a negative stigma and that are perceived as resulting from the actions of the person ( e. g., HIV-Positive, substance abuse ) result in lower interview scores than disabilities for which the causes are perceived to be out of the individual ’ s control ( e. g., physical birth defect ).

Since he was born with a physical disability ( shortened arms as the result of a birth defect ), he also advocated better public policies toward the disabled and other social minorities.

A caricature, he noted, should never depend on a physical defect, nor should it be forced.