In astrophysics and cosmology, the anthropic principle is the philosophical consideration that observations of the physical Universe must be compatible with the conscious life that observes it.

: For an annotated list of textbooks and monographs, see physical cosmology.

In physical cosmology, cosmic inflation, cosmological inflation or just inflation is the theorized extremely rapid exponential expansion of the early universe by a factor of at least 10 < sup > 78 </ sup > in volume, driven by a negative-pressure vacuum energy density.

In physical cosmology, the Copernican principle, named after Nicolaus Copernicus, states that the Earth is not in a central, specially favored position.

Kepler described his new astronomy as " celestial physics ", as " an excursion into Aristotle's Metaphysics ", and as " a supplement to Aristotle's On the Heavens ", transforming the ancient tradition of physical cosmology by treating astronomy as part of a universal mathematical physics.

In astrophysics and physical cosmology, Olbers ' paradox, named after the German astronomer Heinrich Wilhelm Olbers and also called the " dark night sky paradox ", is the argument that the darkness of the night sky conflicts with the assumption of an infinite and eternal static universe.

Physicists study a wide range of physical phenomena in many branches of physics spanning all length scales: from sub-atomic particles of which all ordinary matter is made ( particle physics ) to the behavior of the material Universe as a whole ( cosmology ).

One proposed timeline of the origin of space, from physical cosmology.

The modern era of physical cosmology began in 1917, when Albert Einstein first applied his general theory of relativity to model the structure and dynamics of the universe.

Also included are the predictions of cosmology, the results of the interpretation of quantum mechanics, the foundations of statistical mechanics, causality, determinism, and the nature of physical laws.

In physical cosmology, the term cosmos is often used in a technical way, referring to a particular space-time continuum within the ( postulated ) multiverse.

In physical cosmology, the cosmological constant ( usually denoted by the Greek capital letter lambda: Λ ) is equivalent to an energy density in otherwise empty space.

Hubble's law or Lemaître's law is the name for the astronomical observation in physical cosmology that: ( 1 ) all objects observed in deep space ( intergalactic space ) are found to have a doppler shift observable relative velocity to Earth, and to each other ; and ( 2 ) that this doppler-shift-measured velocity, of various galaxies receding from the Earth, is proportional to their distance from the Earth and all other interstellar bodies.

In physical cosmology, Big Bang nucleosynthesis ( or primordial nucleosynthesis, abbreviated BBN ) refers to the production of nuclei other than those of H-1 ( i. e. the normal, light isotope of hydrogen, whose nuclei consist of a single proton each ) during the early phases of the universe.

Modern cosmological ideas follow the development of the scientific discipline of physical cosmology.

The shape of the universe is a matter of debate in physical cosmology over the local and global geometry of the universe which considers both curvature and topology, though, strictly speaking, it goes beyond both.

Cosmologists normally work with a given space-like slice of spacetime called the comoving coordinates, the existence of a preferred set of which is possible and widely accepted in present-day physical cosmology.

Mount Meru (), also called Sumeru i. e. the " Excellent Meru " and Mahameru i. e. " Great Meru ", is a sacred mountain in Jain cosmology, Hindu as well as Buddhist cosmology and is considered to be the center of all the physical, metaphysical and spiritual universes.

It also forms the basis for the rigorous path integral formulation of quantum mechanics ( by the Feynman – Kac formula, a solution to the Schrödinger equation can be represented in terms of the Wiener process ) and the study of eternal inflation in physical cosmology.

In particle physics and physical cosmology, the Planck scale is an energy scale around 1. 22 × 10 < sup > 19 </ sup > GeV ( which corresponds by the mass – energy equivalence to the Planck mass 2. 17645 × 10 < sup >− 8 </ sup > kg ) at which quantum effects of gravity become strong.

In modern physical cosmology, the cosmological principle is the working assumption that observers on Earth do not occupy an unusual or privileged location within the universe as a whole, judged as observers of the physical phenomena produced by uniform and universal laws of physics.

In physical cosmology, first light refers to the light emitted from the first generation of hyperstars, formed less than a billion years after the big bang, which brought to an end cosmological dark ages.

The ultimate fate of the universe is a topic in physical cosmology.

If correct, inflation solves the horizon problem by suggesting that prior to the inflationary period the entire universe was causally connected, and it was during this period that the physical properties evened out.

In black hole physics and inflationary cosmology, the trans-Planckian problem refers to the appearance of quantities beyond the Planck scale, which raise doubts on the physical validity of some results in these two areas, since one expects the physical laws to suffer radical modifications beyond the Planck scale.

An epoch in the development of the physical chemistry of colloids and surfaces is associated with his name.

His mature design work is a physical expression of his understanding of the modern epoch.

In physical cosmology, the Planck epoch ( or Planck era ), named after Max Planck, is the earliest period of time in the history of the universe, from zero to approximately 10 < sup >− 43 </ sup > seconds ( Planck time ), during which, it is believed, quantum effects of gravity were significant.

This desire, I went on, growing voluble as my conviction was aroused, had mounted at such a rate recently that I now found its realization necessary not only to my physical but also to my spiritual wellbeing.

His father was a professor at Hartford Theological Seminary, and from him he acquired a conviction, which he passed along to me, that there is in the universe of persons a moral law, the law of love, which is a natural law in the same sense as is the physical law.

The failure of Greece to reach the imperial destiny that Periclean Athens had seemed to promise was almost directly attributable to her physical conformation.

One example of this was his assertion that `` all servile revolts must be dealt with by physical force ''.

During his presidency, the company's physical plant was enormously expanded, and the length and breadth of the Brown & Sharpe machine tool line became the greatest in the world.

During Oersted's attendance at the university, it was poorly equipped with physical apparatus for experimenting in the sciences.

Manthey maintained a valuable collection of physical and chemical apparatus which was at Oersted's disposal during and after his graduation.

Bob Carroll may not bear quite as close a physical resemblance to LaGuardia as Tom Bosley does, but I was amazed at the way he became more and more Fiorello as the evening progressed, until one had to catch one's self up and remember that this wasn't really LaGuardia come back among us again.

Historically, astronomy was more concerned with the classification and description of phenomena in the sky, while astrophysics attempted to explain these phenomena and the differences between them using physical laws.

The muscular frames and limbs combined with slim waists indicate the Greek desire for health, and the physical capacity which was necessary in the hard Greek environment.

Only after 1915, with the suggestion and evidence that this Z number was also the nuclear charge and a physical characteristic of atoms, did the word and its English equivalent atomic number come into common use.

It also reveals that the principle of linguistic relativity was so named because because Whorf saw that idea of his as having similar implications as Einstein's principle of physical relativity.

There was room for interpretation by the bodies he had named for deciding on the physical sciences and chemistry prizes, given that he had not consulted them before making the will.

In addition to promoting physical exercise, Isamu Kurosawa was open to western traditions and considered theater and motion pictures to have educational merit.

Until these experiments, atomic number was not known to be a physical and experimental quantity.

Eating was not only a physical pleasure, it was also an intellectual research.

When Darnley died in 1927 his widow presented the urn to the Marylebone Cricket Club and that was the key event in establishing the urn as the physical embodiment of the legendary ashes.

Death was simply a temporary interruption, rather than complete cessation, of life, and that eternal life could be ensured by means like piety to the gods, preservation of the physical form through mummification, and the provision of statuary and other funerary equipment.

The term ' aromatic ' was assigned before the physical mechanism determining aromaticity was discovered, and was derived from the fact that many of the compounds have a sweet scent.

It was also intended so that Americans with disabilities would be kept in the mainstream in terms of scientific and medical research and developments, especially opening future opportunities in Space exploration to them, as well as public policy changes, healthcare law and policy changes, and civil rights protections and public law changes for Americans with physical, mental and cognitive disabilities.

Access Now v. Southwest Airlines was a case where the District Court decided that the website of Southwest Airlines was not in violation of the Americans with Disability Act because the ADA is concerned with things with a physical existence and thus cannot be applied to cyberspace.