Run-time efficiency is a topic of great interest in computer science: A program can take seconds, hours or even years to finish executing, depending on which algorithm it implements ( see also performance analysis, which is the analysis of an algorithm's run-time in practice ).

In practice, however, the performance gain is far less, only about 50 %, due to imperfect software algorithms and implementation.

By the end of the 1780s, changes in performance practice, the relative standing of instrumental and vocal music, technical demands on musicians, and stylistic unity had become established in the composers who imitated Mozart and Haydn.

In practice, almost all computers use a variety of memory types, organized in a storage hierarchy around the CPU, as a trade-off between performance and cost.

The practice uses sensors to measure the output performance of the device being controlled ( often a vehicle ) and those measurements can be used to give feedback to the input actuators that can make corrections toward desired performance.

* Professional practice: performance and technical skills

In practice, actual performance on modern computers is usually dominated by factors other than arithmetic and is a complicated subject ( see, e. g., Frigo & Johnson, 2005 ), but the overall improvement from O ( N < sup > 2 </ sup >) to O ( N log N ) remains.

The music itself is rather basic — church music at the time placed a large gap between written and performance practice — embellishments were largely placed in the hands of the performers ' tastes, although the Vatican score itself was altered largely by performers and visitors over the years.

In some funds, particularly in the US, some of these functions are performed by the investment manager, a practice that gives rise to a potential conflict of interest inherent in having the investment manager both determine the NAV and benefit from its increase through performance fees.

However, the term is frequently used to refer to a practice in which an insider or a related party trades based on material non-public information obtained during the performance of the insider's duties at the corporation, or otherwise in breach of a fiduciary or other relationship of trust and confidence or where the non-public information was misappropriated from the company.

He has also played a role in providing alternatives to traditional performance practice techniques, often specifying forceful, rhythmic articulations, and amplified, non-vibrato, singing.

This Act was created to promote employment of older persons based on their ability rather than age ; to prohibit arbitrary age discrimination in employment ; to help employers and workers find ways of meeting problems arising from the impact of age on employment because in the face of rising productivity and affluence, older workers find themselves disadvantaged in their efforts to retain employment, and especially to regain employment when displaced from jobs ; the setting of arbitrary age limits regardless of potential for job performance has become a common practice, and certain otherwise desirable practices may work to the disadvantage of older persons ; the incidence of unemployment, especially long-term unemployment with resultant deterioration of skill, morale, and employer acceptability is, relative to the younger ages, high among older workers ; their numbers are great and growing ; and their employment problems grave ; and the existence in industries affecting commerce, of arbitrary discrimination in employment because of age, burdens commerce and the free flow of goods in commerce.

When a student is taking western classical music lessons, music teachers often spend some time explaining the different eras of western classical music, such as the Baroque era, the Classical era, the Romantic era, and the Modern era, because each era is associated with different styles of music and different performance practice techniques.

Musicology also has two central, practically oriented subdisciplines with no parent discipline: performance practice and research, and the theory, analysis and composition of music.

Musica reservata is either a style or a performance practice in a cappella vocal music of the latter, mainly in Italy and southern Germany, involving refinement, exclusivity, and intense emotional expression of sung text.

This contrasts with common practice for SQL DBMSs in which performance tuning often requires changes to the logical model.

External performance measurement is examined through customer perception measures and " best practice " benchmarking, and includes 1 ) customer perception measurement, and 2 ) best practice benchmarking.

Contrasting with at-the-time normal industry practice, IBM created an entire series of computers ( or CPUs ) from small to large, low to high performance, all using the same instruction set ( with two exceptions for specific markets ).

In modern performance practice, Cherubino is usually assigned to a mezzo-soprano ( sometimes also Marcellina ), Count Almaviva to a baritone, and Figaro to a bass-baritone.

The act of canonization declared that his " deep theological understanding of the Christian teaching, as well as its performance in practice, and, as a consequence of this, the loftiness and holiness of the life of the sviatitel allow for his writings to be regarded as a development of the teaching of the Holy Fathers, preserving the same Orthodox purity and Divine enlightenment.

Contemporary contributions are being produced at the crossroads of other disciplines such as installation, architecture, design, sculpture, electronic art, VJ ( video performance artist ) and digital art or other documentative aspects of artistic practice.

Worst-case performance analysis and average case performance analysis have some similarities, but in practice usually require different tools and approaches.

In economics and finance, arbitrage () is the practice of taking advantage of a price difference between two or more markets: striking a combination of matching deals that capitalize upon the imbalance, the profit being the difference between the market prices.

This practice could be sustained only by requisitioning precious metals from private citizens in exchange for state-minted coin ( of a far lower value than the price of the precious metals requisitioned ).

While most of his proposals-" to abandon the gold standard, let international exchange rates float, use federal surpluses and deficits as macroeconomic policy tools that could counter cyclical trends, and establish bureaus of economic statistics ( including a consumer price index ) in order to facilitate this effort "-are now conventional practice, his critique of fractional-reserve banking still " remains outside the bounds of conventional wisdom ".

It refers to the practice of a company paying a high price to buy back shares of its own stock to prevent an unfriendly takeover by another company or businessman.

Because this practice increases the supply of currency without any matching increase in demand for it, the price of the currency, that is the exchange rate, naturally falls relative to other currencies.

A company must have some degree of market power to practice price discrimination.

A company wishing to practice price discrimination must be able to prevent middlemen or brokers from acquiring the consumer surplus for themselves.

As other firms joined this practice, prices began falling everywhere and a price war ensued.

Although he initially needed Watson to share the rent of his comfortable residence at 221B Baker Street, Watson reveals in " The Adventure of the Dying Detective ", when Holmes was living alone, that " I have no doubt that the house might have been purchased at the price which Holmes paid for his rooms ," suggesting he had developed a good income from his practice, although it is seldom revealed exactly how much he charges for his services.

During this conflict both sides tried to deprive each other of the resources to continue the war and it became standard practice to destroy agricultural areas, butcher the population of cities and in general exact a brutal price from captured enemy lands in order to drastically weaken the opposition's war effort.

But in practice the main role of the model is as a sub-model of larger models ( especially the Aggregate Demand-Aggregate Supply model ) which allow for a flexible price level.

Not only are they generally able to offer punters better odds due to their much lower overheads, but also in giving opportunities for arbitrage: the practice of taking advantage of a price differential between two or more markets, although traditionally arbitrage has always been possible by backing all outcomes with bookmakers ( dutching ) as opposed to laying an outcome on an exchange.

It is defined as education given to the consumer about various consumer goods and services, covering price, what the consumer can expect, standard trade practice, etc.

Historically an alternative practice of issuance was for the borrowing government authority to issue bonds over a period of time, usually at a fixed price, with volumes sold on a particular day dependent on market conditions.

Around 9 out of 10, bled to death during the procedure, but the high price brought by eunuchs on the market made the practice profitable.

# End the practice of awarding business on the basis of a price tag.

The political issue was a dispute between landowners ( a long-established class, who were heavily represented in Parliament ) and the new class of manufacturers and industrialists ( who were not ): the former desired to maximise their profits from agriculture, by keeping the price at which they could sell their grain high ; the latter wished to maximise their profits from manufacture, by reducing the wages they paid to their factory workers -- the difficulty being that men could not work in the factories if a factory wage was not enough to feed them and their families ; hence, in practice, high grain prices kept factory wages high also.

As a result, the price of the stock that has been removed from the index tends to be driven down, and the price of stock that has been added to the index tends to be driven up, in part due to arbitrageurs, in a practice known as " index front running ".

In finance, short selling ( also known as shorting or going short ) is the practice of selling securities or other financial instruments, with the intention of subsequently repurchasing them (" covering ") at a lower price.

The potential loss on a short sale is theoretically unlimited in the event of an unlimited rise in the price of the instrument, however in practice the short seller will be required to post margin or collateral to cover losses, and any inability to do so on a timely basis would cause its broker or counterparty to liquidate the position.

In practical terms, going short can be considered the opposite of the conventional practice of " going long ", whereby an investor profits from an increase in the price of the asset.

In order to manipulate the price of the stock, Saccard and his confreres on the syndicate he has set up to jumpstart the enterprise buy their own stock and hide the proceeds of this illegal practice in a dummy account fronted by a straw man.

* The practice of stock analyst conference calls and meetings of industry participants almost necessarily results in tremendous amounts of strategic and price transparency.