SDI research was cut back following the end of Reagan's presidency, and in 1995 it was reiterated in a presidential joint statement that " missile defense systems may be deployed ... will not pose a realistic threat to the strategic nuclear force of the other side and will not be tested to ... that capability.

After that the National Space-Based Positioning, Navigation and Timing Executive Committee was established by presidential directive in 2004 to advise and coordinate federal departments and agencies on matters concerning the GPS and related systems.

In parliamentary systems, the word " government " is used to refer to what in presidential systems would be the executive branch and to the governing party.

The older the constitution, the more constitutional leeway tends to exist for a head of state to exercise greater powers over government, as many older parliamentary system constitutions in fact give heads of state powers and functions akin to presidential or semi-presidential systems, in some cases without containing reference to modern democratic principles of accountability to parliament or even to modern governmental offices.

Semi-presidential systems combine features of presidential and parliamentary systems, notably a requirement that the government be answerable to both the president and the legislature.

It is notable that some presidential systems, while not providing for collective executive accountability to the legislature, may require legislative approval for individuals prior to their assumption of cabinet office and empower the legislature to remove a president from office ( for example, in the United States of America ).

Most presidents in such countries are selected by democratic means ( popular direct or indirect election ); however, like all other systems, the presidential model also encompasses people who become head of state by other means, notably through military dictatorship or coup d ' état, as often seen in Latin American, Middle Eastern and other presidential regimes.

In a sense, elected monarchies, such as the Holy See, the defunct Holy Roman Empire or pre 16th century Swedish monarchy, can be regarded as ' crowned ' presidential systems.

In presidential systems the head of state is the actual, de facto chief executive officer.

In presidential systems, such as that of the United States, appointments are nominated by the President's sole discretion, but this nomination is often subject to parliamentary confirmation ( in the case of the US, the Senate has to approve cabinet nominees and judicial appointments by simple majority ).

In presidential systems, the president often has the power to fire ministers at his sole discretion.

Even in presidential systems the head of state often formally reports to the legislature on the present national status, e. g. the State of the Union address in the United States of America.

In some parliamentary systems, and in some presidential systems, however, the head of state may do so on their own initiative.

Typically in presidential and semi-presidential systems the president is directly elected by the people, or is indirectly elected as done in the United States.

For example, it is used in French presidential, legislative, and cantonal elections, and also to elect the presidents of Afghanistan, Argentina, Austria, Brazil, Bulgaria, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cyprus, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, Finland, France, Ghana, Guatemala, India, Indonesia, Liberia, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Senegal, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Timor-Leste, Ukraine, Uruguay, Zimbabwe — see: Table of voting systems by nation.

In democratic systems of governance based on the trias politica, a fundamental parallel and a fundamental difference exists between presidential systems and constitutional monarchic parliamentary system of government.

* In presidential systems, the incumbent of the Head-of-state is elected to office and, after transfer of power, appoints his administration ( like in the United States, with unitary executive ) or a government headed by a prime minister is formed within the parliament, based on the elected majority ( like in France ).

Complete separation-of-powers systems are almost always presidential, although theoretically this need not be the case.

Countries with Congresses and presidential systems:

Realizing Clay was unlikely to win the presidency, Lincoln, who had pledged in 1846 to serve only one term in the House, supported General Zachary Taylor for the Whig nomination in the 1848 presidential election.

It was enacted July 14, 1798, with an expiration date of March 3, 1801 ( the day before Adams ' presidential term was to end ).

In the 1996 presidential election, Clinton was re-elected, receiving 49. 2 % of the popular vote over Republican Bob Dole ( 40. 7 % of the popular vote ) and Reform candidate Ross Perot ( 8. 4 % of the popular vote ), becoming the first Democratic incumbent since Lyndon Johnson to be elected to a second term and the first Democrat since Franklin Roosevelt to be elected President more than once.

These include eliminating the positions of appointed senators and senators for life, granting the President authority to remove the commanders-in-chief of the armed forces, and reducing the presidential term from six to four years while also disabling immediate re-election.

The UP also suffered an increasing number of losses during this term ( including the assassination of presidential candidate Bernardo Jaramillo ), which stemmed both from private proto-paramilitary organizations, increasingly powerful drug lords and a number of would-be paramilitary-sympathizers within the armed forces.

It set the first eight year presidential term for Pinochet, with a plebiscite in the eighth year, in which only one candidate, nominated by the Junta, would be accepted or not.

In the presidential election held April 8, 2005 Ismail Omar Guelleh was re-elected to a second 6-year term at the head of a multi-party coalition that included the FRUD and other major parties.

Shortly after the onset of his third presidential term in 1875, García Moreno was attacked with a machete on the steps of the presidential palace by Faustino Lemos Rayo, a Colombian.

President Saakashvili rejected all demands that he resign his position, but announced early presidential elections to be held in January 2008, effectively cutting his term in office by a year.

On June 5, 1993, Congress, pursuant to the 1985 constitution, elected the Human Rights Ombudsman, Ramiro de León Carpio, to complete Serrano's presidential term.

In 2001 Conté organized and won a referendum to lengthen the presidential term and in 2003 begun his third term after elections were boycotted by the opposition.

The method chosen by Carías to extend his term of office was to call a constituent assembly that would write a new constitution and select the individual to serve for the first presidential term under that document.

The major changes were the elimination of the prohibition on immediate reelection of a president and vice president and the extension of the presidential term from four to six years.

Elvin Santos, the vice-president during the start of Zelaya's term, had resigned in order to run for president in the coming elections, and by presidential line of succession the head of Congress, Roberto Micheletti, was appointed president.

In January 1995, Kemp's stated reason for not entering the 1996 Republican Party presidential primaries was that his personal beliefs were out of balance with the contemporary Republican political landscape: Kemp opposed term limits, he always preferred tax cuts to anything resembling a balanced budget amendment and, unlike most Republicans, favored federal incentives to combat urban poverty.

Under the new constitution, Nasir was elected indirectly to a four-year presidential term by the Majlis ( legislature ).

In 1973 Nasir was elected to a second term under the constitution as amended in 1972, which extended the presidential term to five years and which also provided for the election of the prime minister by the Majlis.

Elected to replace Nasir for a five-year presidential term in 1978 was Maumoon Abdul Gayoom, a former university lecturer and Maldivian ambassador to the United Nations ( UN ).

In 1992, Alpha Oumar Konaré won Mali's first democratic, multi-party presidential election, before being re-elected for a second term in 1997, which was the last allowed under the constitution.

Though he did vote against the admission of Missouri as a slave state, and though he would be the nominated presidential candidate of the Free Soil Party, an anti-slavery political party, in 1848, there was no ambiguity in his position on the abolition of slavery during his term of office.

Note: The head of state in a " presidential " system may not actually hold the title of " president "-the name of the system refers to any head of state who actually governs and is independent of the legislature.

Political cartoon about the 1848 presidential election which refers to Zachary Taylor or Winfield Scott, the two leading contenders for the Whig Party nomination in the aftermath of the Mexican-American War.

For example, ' Nixon ' refers to the same person in every possible world in which Nixon exists, while ' the person who won the United States presidential election of 1968 ' could refer to Nixon, Humphrey, or others in different possible worlds.

In the United States, Super Tuesday, in general, refers to the Tuesday in February or March of a presidential election year when the greatest number of states hold primary elections to select delegates to national conventions at which each party's presidential candidates are officially nominated.

In the Philippines, the term " snap election " usually refers to the 1986 presidential election, where President Ferdinand Marcos called elections earlier than scheduled, in response to growing social unrest.

The caption quotes Goethe The Compromise of 1877 refers to a purported informal, unwritten deal that settled the intensely disputed 1876 U. S. presidential election, and ended Reconstruction in the South.

This term refers to those states of the United States of America whose residents predominantly vote for the Republican Party ( red ) or Democratic Party ( blue ) presidential candidates, respectively.

Generally, usage of “ presidential nominating convention ” refers to the two major parties ’ quadrennial events: the Democratic National Convention and the Republican National Convention.

In the United States, a political convention usually refers to a presidential nominating convention, but it can also refer to state, county, or congressional district nominating conventions.

The name refers to Al Gore being " first past the post " on the popular vote ( beating President Bush ) in the 2000 U. S. presidential election ( technically a plurality ) as well as a play on Minority Report, a popular movie in 2002.

The title refers to the convicted felon William R. Horton who was used extensively for political advertisements during the 1988 presidential campaign.

In colloquial use, " kitchen cabinet " refers to any group of trusted friends and associates, particularly in reference to a President's or presidential candidate's closest unofficial advisers.

Political cartoon about the 1848 presidential election which refers to Zachary Taylor or Winfield Scott, the two leading contenders for the Whig Party ( United States ) | Whig Party nomination in the aftermath of the Mexican-American War.

Green Movement refers to a series of actions after the Iranian presidential election, 2009, in which protesters demanded the removal of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad from office.

However, the term " community organizing " generally refers to more progressive organizations, as evidenced, for example, by the reaction against community organizing in the 2008 US presidential election by Republicans and conservatives on the web and elsewhere.

The October Surprise conspiracy theory refers to an alleged plot to influence the outcome of the 1980 United States presidential election between incumbent Jimmy Carter ( D – GA ) and opponent Ronald Reagan ( R – CA ).

Douglas Democrat refers to those Democrats who supported U. S. Senator Stephen Arnold Douglas of Illinois in the 1860 U. S. presidential election.

In American politics the term matching funds refers to the money a presidential candidate is given by federal government to match the money they have raised personally.

The term Corrupt Bargain refers to three historic incidents in American history in which political agreement was determined by congressional or presidential actions that many viewed to be corrupt from different standpoints.

This also refers to the phenomenon that members of the U. S. Senate or House of Representatives are more likely to be voted for on a year of the presidential election than a midterm.