Algorithms can be expressed in many kinds of notation, including natural languages, pseudocode, flowcharts, programming languages or control tables ( processed by interpreters ).

* Syntax analysis – a process in compilers that recognizes the structure of programming languages, also known as parsing

The programming language to be employed by users was akin to modern day assembly languages.

Each assembly language is specific to a particular computer architecture, in contrast to most high-level programming languages, which are generally portable across multiple systems.

ALGOL ( short for ALGOrithmic Language ) is a family of imperative computer programming languages originally developed in the mid 1950s which greatly influenced many other languages and was the standard method for algorithm description used by the ACM, in textbooks, and academic works for the next 30 years and more.

In the sense that most modern languages are " algol-like ", it was arguably the most successful of the four high level programming languages with which it was roughly contemporary, Fortran, Lisp, and COBOL.

Category: Procedural programming languages

Category: Structured programming languages

Category: Systems programming languages

Category: Pattern matching programming languages

Category: Text-oriented programming languages

The term array is often used to mean array data type, a kind of data type provided by most high-level programming languages that consists of a collection of values or variables that can be selected by one or more indices computed at run-time.

The earliest high-level programming languages, including FORTRAN ( 1957 ), COBOL ( 1960 ), and ALGOL 60 ( 1960 ), had support for multi-dimensional arrays, and so has C ( 1972 ).

Usually programming languages allowing n-based indexing also allow negative index values and other scalar data types like enumerations, or characters may be used as an array index.

In computer science, an abstract data type ( ADT ) is a mathematical model for a certain class of data structures that have similar behavior ; or for certain data types of one or more programming languages that have similar semantics.

Abstract data types are purely theoretical entities, used ( among other things ) to simplify the description of abstract algorithms, to classify and evaluate data structures, and to formally describe the type systems of programming languages.

However, an ADT may be implemented by specific data types or data structures, in many ways and in many programming languages ; or described in a formal specification language.

In the " imperative " view, which is closer to the philosophy of imperative programming languages, an abstract data structure is conceived as an entity that is mutable — meaning that it may be in different states at different times.

As in so many programming languages, the operation ( V, x ) is often written V ← x ( or some similar notation ), and ( V ) is implied whenever a variable V is used in a context where a value is required.

Category: Structured programming languages

* BASIC programming language — For the Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code family of programming languages.

Some programming languages allow other notations, such as hexadecimal ( base 16 ) or octal ( base 8 ).

Octal notation was used in documentation and programming ; console displays lights and switches were grouped into three-bit fields for easy conversion to and from octal.

Machine code programming used an unusual form of octal, known locally as ' bastardized octal '.

A prefix is used in the C programming language, Python, Perl, the Unix shell bash, and other languages to specify octal numbers ( and means hexadecimal ), and therefore, does not represent 20 < sub > 10 </ sub > ( 2 * 10 < sup > 1 </ sup > + 0 * 10 < sup > 0 </ sup > ), but rather 20 < sub > 8 </ sub >= 16 < sub > 10 </ sub > ( 2 * 8 < sup > 1 </ sup > + 0 * 8 < sup > 0 </ sup > = 1 * 10 < sup > 1 </ sup > + 6 * 10 < sup > 0 </ sup >).

Straight single and double quotation marks are used in most programming languages to delimit strings or literal characters, collectively known as string literals.

There are numerous alternate notations for specifying string literals, and the exact notation depends on the individual programming language in question.

In the original FORTRAN programming language ( for example ), string literals were written in so-called Hollerith notation, where a decimal count of the number of characters was followed by the letter H, and then the characters of the string:

Since functional programming languages, by definition, support function literals, which can also be stored in records, records types with subtyping provide some of the features of object-oriented programming.

* Excessive use of literals: these should be coded as named constants, to improve readability and to avoid programming errors.

In logic programming and datalog, computation and query evaluation are performed by representing the problem to be solved as the negation of a Horn clause containing only negative literals.

* String literals, computer programming languages ' facility for embedding text in source code

An applet typically also refers to Java applets, i. e., programs written in the Java programming language that are included in a web page.

There are also connections to string theory, game theory, graph matchings, solitons and integer programming.

Since algorithms are platform-independent ( i. e. a given algorithm can be implemented in an arbitrary programming language on an arbitrary computer running an arbitrary operating system ), there are significant drawbacks to using an empirical approach to gauge the comparative performance of a given set of algorithms.

Constructed languages such as Esperanto, programming languages, and various mathematical formalisms are not necessarily restricted to the properties shared by human languages.

It is usually written in high-level programming languages that are easier and more efficient for humans to use ( closer to natural language ) than machine language.

In most cases, the discipline is self-governed by the entities which require the programming, and sometimes very strict environments are defined ( e. g. United States Air Force use of AdaCore and security clearance ).

UTF-16 or UTF-32, which can be used for all languages as well, are less widely used because they can be harder to handle in programming languages that assume a byte-oriented ASCII superset encoding, and they are less efficient for text with a high frequency of ASCII characters, which is usually the case for HTML documents.

Complaints against broadcasters, such as concerns around offensive programming, are dealt with by the Canadian Broadcast Standards Council ( CBSC ), an independent broadcast industry association, rather than by the CRTC, although CBSC decisions can be appealed to the CRTC if necessary.

Context-free languages are the theoretical basis for the syntax of most programming languages.

Regular languages are commonly used to define search patterns and the lexical structure of programming languages.

C is one of the most widely used programming languages of all time, and there are very few computer architectures for which a C compiler does not exist.

In C, all executable code is contained within subroutines, which are called " functions " ( although not in the strict sense of functional programming ).

Common Lisp is a general-purpose programming language, in contrast to Lisp variants such as Emacs Lisp and AutoLISP which are embedded extension languages in particular products.

Some programming languages almost always use curried functions to achieve multiple arguments ; notable examples are ML and Haskell, where in both cases all functions have exactly one argument.

Context-free grammars are important in linguistics for describing the structure of sentences and words in natural language, and in computer science for describing the structure of programming languages and other formal languages.

Like the C ++ and Java programming languages, object-oriented COBOL compilers are available even as the language moves toward standardization.

Generally, this practice stages a more general approach: one of interactive programming, of writing ( parts of ) programs while they are interpreted.

This approach has locked out code-level innovation by people whose programming skills are more modest.

; The Common Type System ( CTS ): A set of data types and operations that are shared by all CTS-compliant programming languages.

The origins of cable broadcasting are even older as radio programming was distributed by cable in some European cities as far back as 1924.