While rooted in rather different theories, these two traditions have been characterised by a constant reference to experimental research to test hypotheses, both at clinical and basic level.

The word is most commonly used in medical and philosophical theories, where it is used to refer to the study of why things occur, or even the reasons behind the way that things act, and is used in philosophy, physics, psychology, government, medicine, theology and biology in reference to the causes of various phenomena.

Starting with Hart, a great deal of effort has gone into developing scientific theories about, and possible models of, extraterrestrial life, and the Fermi paradox has become a theoretical reference point in much of this work.

Functional theories of language propose that since language is fundamentally a tool, it is reasonable to assume that its structures are best analyzed and understood with reference to the functions they carry out.

Crossley points out that the film uses a number of potentially controversial scholarly theories about Jesus but now with reference to Brian, such as the Messianic Secret, the Jewishness of Jesus, Jesus the revolutionary, and having a single mother.

These items are affected both by precession of the equinoxes and nutation, and thus depend on the theories applied to precession and nutation, and on the date used as a reference date for the coordinate system.

Some antirealists attempt to explain the success of scientific theories without reference to truth.

According to descriptivist theories, proper names either are synonymous with descriptions, or have their reference determined by virtue of the name's being associated with a description or cluster of descriptions that an object uniquely satisfies.

This later school began around eastern India and Bengal, and developed theories resembling modern logic, such as Gottlob Frege's " distinction between sense and reference of proper names " and his " definition of number ," as well as the Navya-Nyaya theory of " restrictive conditions for universals " anticipating some of the developments in modern set theory.

Vico's name appears a number of times throughout the Wake, indicating the work's debt to his theories, such as “ The Vico road goes round and round to meet where terms begin .” That a reference to Vico's cyclical theory of history is to be found in the opening sentence which is a continuation of the book's closing sentence – thus making the work cyclical in itself – creates the relevance of such an allusion.

According to alternate theories of the term's origin, " Free State of Jones " came to be associated with Jones County for one of two reasons: 1 ) in reference to the county's reputation as a sparsely populated " backwater " of the young state, whose few residents were notorious for their disdain for organized governmental authority, or 2 ) due to a period of time in the early 1840s when, due to low population numbers and lack of legal proceedings, the county was left without duly-inducted legal and / or civil authorities.

Wilhelm Carl Werner Otto Fritz Franz Wien (; 13 January 1864 – 30 August 1928 ) was a German physicist who, in 1893, used theories about heat and electromagnetism to deduce Wien's displacement law, which calculates the emission of a blackbody at any temperature from the emission at any one reference temperature.

Their newspapers are vaguely subversive with their folksy, enlightened commentary on world affairs ; their dinner conversations knowledgeably reference great theories of psychology, politics, and cognitive science.

* Calabi – Yau Homepage is an interactive reference which describes many examples and classes of Calabi – Yau manifolds and also the physical theories in which they appear.

Such assumptions are often the point with which older theories are succeeded by new ones ( the general theory of relativity works in non-inertial reference frames as well ).

His early work includes the classic texts Mental Acts and Reference and Generality, the latter defending an essentially modern conception of reference against medieval theories of supposition.

* Olson is mentioned in the 2007 episode of the Fox TV show Bones, " Spaceman in a Crater " by Dr. Hodgins, a conspiracy theorist, in reference to theories that the government experiments on people and then abandons them.

Frames of reference or generic models are the overarching title given to a collation of compatible knowledge, research and theories that form conceptual practice.

This weak global thesis is particularly important in the light of direct reference theories, and semantic externalism with regard to the content both of words and ( more relevant to our concerns here ) of thoughts.

While no evidence she has supplied has solved murders or missing investigations on their own., her evidence had been used to corroborate theories, and in one case, included in a coroner's brief on a case Little, in reference to one case she assisted on, felt her description of what happened was " exceptional ", other officers also had been impressed by her assistance, while yet other NSW officers felt she had not helped solve any cases.

Many experiments on conditioning followed ; they generated some complex theories, but they made little or no reference to intervening mental processes.

The Grassy Knoll, a reference to the John F. Kennedy assassination | JFK assassination John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories | conspiracy theory about a second shooter, dubbed " Dealey Plaza # The " grassy knoll " | The Man on the Grassy Knoll ".

The notion of rigid designation was first introduced by Saul Kripke in the lectures that became Naming and Necessity, in the course of his argument against descriptivist theories of reference, building on the work of Ruth Barcan Marcus.

At the time of Kripke's lectures, the dominant theories of reference in Analytic philosophy ( associated with the theories of Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell ) held that the meaning of sentences involving proper names could be given by substituting a contextually appropriate description for the name.

The most common reference to `` wet stock '' was with the meanin' that such animals had been smuggled across the Rio Grande after bein' stolen from their rightful owners.

Aphrodite had no childhood: in every image and each reference she is born as an adult, nubile, and infinitely desirable.

This was a reference to a boating outing Carroll had with the three girls and their family.

She testified that after leaving the EEOC, she had had two " inconsequential " phone conversations with Thomas, and had seen him personally on two occasions ; once to get a job reference and the second time when he made a public appearance in Oklahoma where she was teaching.

Previously, as related in the first reference cited above, Faraday had used the more straightforward term " eisode " ( the doorway where the current enters ).

" This name was given them by their enemies in reference to the practice of " re-baptizing " converts who " already had been baptized " ( or sprinkled ) as infants.

* Muppim ( meaning double mouth ), in reference to Joseph passing on what he had been taught by Jacob

" In a reference to the first known historical Boii, Polybius relates that their wealth consisted of cattle and gold, that they depended on agriculture and war, and that a man's status depended on the number of associates and assistants he had.

GM maize-fed rats were compared first to their respective isogenic or parental non-GM equivalent control groups, followed by comparison to six reference groups, which had consumed various other non-GM maize varieties.

The Anthropology Library is especially large, with 120, 000 volumes However, the Paul Hamlyn Library, which had become the central reference library of the British Museum and the only library there freely open to the general public, closed permanently in August 2011.

Tucker had earlier used " Big Apple " as a reference to a different city, Los Angeles.

); while its final element, the Prayer of Oblation, ( with its reference to an offering of a ' Sacrifice of praise and thanksgiving '), was transferred, much changed, to a position after the priest and congregation had received Communion, and was made optional with an alternative prayer of thanksgiving provided.

Gerrit S. Miller still had in his 1924 edition of List of North American Recent Mammals in the section “ Genus Canis Linnaeas ,” the subordinate heading “ Subgenus Thos Oken ” and backed it up with a reference to Heller.

Previously, as related in the first reference cited above, Faraday had used the more straightforward term " exode " ( the doorway where the current exits ).

Throughout history, the Britannica has had two aims: to be an excellent reference book and to provide educational material.

In his Logical Investigations, Husserl mentions Frege only twice, once in a footnote to point out that he had retracted three pages of his criticism of Frege's The Foundations of Arithmetic, and again to question Frege's use of the word Bedeutung to designate " reference " rather than " meaning " ( sense ).

A minority of scholars have argued that the " Galatia " is an ethnic reference to a Celtic people living in northern Asia Minor, but most agree that it is a geographical reference to the Roman province in central Asia Minor, which had been settled by immigrant Celts in the 270s BC and retained Gaulish features of culture and language in Paul's day.

In his History of the Wars, Procopius mentions a story ( which Gibbon disbelieved ) where, on hearing the news that Rome had " perished ", Honorius was initially shocked ; thinking the news was in reference to a favorite chicken he had named " Roma ".

Although Johnson would attest in a 1984 radio interview that the " two tribes " of the song potentially represented any pair of warring adversaries ( giving the examples of " cowboys and Indians or Captain Kirk and Klingons "), the song does contain the line " On the air America / I modelled shirts by Van Heusen ", a clear reference to then US President Ronald Reagan, who had advertised for Phillips Van Heusen in 1953 ( briefly reviving the association in the early 1980s ), and whose first film had been titled Love Is On The Air.

" Another joke puts a question concerning the definition of blunderbuss to " the four wise clerks of Oxenford " ( a reference to Chaucer's Clerk ; Tolkien had worked for Henry Bradley, one of the four main editors of the Oxford English Dictionary ):