Within four hours of the Pope's speech, Gutiérrez and the other priests wrote a twenty-page refutation, which was circulated at the conference, and has been claimed to have influenced the final outcome of the conference.

He made four speeches at the council-all exceedingly conciliatory, and wrote a refutation of the first eighteen of Mark of Ephesus ' syllogistic chapters against the Latins.

In 1706 he wrote a refutation of Dr Henry Dodwell's views on the immortality of the soul, and this drew him into controversy with Anthony Collins.

Edmund Burke wrote his Vindication of Natural Society in imitation of Bolingbroke's style, but in refutation of his principles ; and in the Reflections on the French Revolution he exclaims, " Who now reads Bolingbroke, who ever read him through?

" Furthermore, John Calvin wrote in Institutes that millennialism is a " fiction " that is " too childish either to need or to be worth a refutation.

He wrote an eloquent refutation of the " Solomon Spalding theory " of the Book of Mormon's authorship, and defended the ministry and teachings of Joseph Smith – as he understood them.

Tanenbaum later published a refutation of the book's interpretation, saying he believed Torvalds wrote Linux single-handedly.

xxv., xxvi., have been expunged by the censor, while Gilbert Genebrard wrote a refutation of the same with valuable notes.

Ratramnus wrote a refutation of Paschasius ' treatise on the Eucharist, De Corpore et Sanguine Domini, using the same title.

" John Calvin wrote in Institutes that chiliasm is a " fiction " that is " too childish either to need or to be worth a refutation.

He wrote several books, notably including Virginia: The New Dominion, Richmond: The Story of a City, and The Jefferson Scandals, a Rebuttal, which was a refutation of the Sally Hemings allegations.

The upcoming sacrifice is well known to theory and Kasparov must have known about it ( in fact, there are some reports that he even wrote an article supporting 8. Nxe6 as a refutation ).

Mason's “ primacy of politics ” approach against the traditional Marxist " primacy of economics " approach involved him in the 1960s with a vigorous debate with the East German historians Eberhard Czichon, Dietrich Eichholtz and Kurt Gossweiler The latter two historians wrote if Mason was correct, then this would amount to " a complete refutation of Marxist social analysis ".

Eusebius of Caesarea wrote against him two works: " Contra Marcellum ", possibly the prosecution document at Marcellus ' trial, and " On the Theology of the Church " or " Ecclesiastical Theology ", a refutation of Marcellus ' theology from the perspective of Arian orthodoxy.

Ibn Rushd ( Averroes ) wrote a refutation of Al-Ghazali's work entitled The Incoherence of the Incoherence ( Tahāfut al-Tahāfut ) in which he defends the doctrines of the philosophers and criticizes al-Ghazali's own arguments.

French Catholic librarian Jean-Baptiste Pérès wrote a satirical refutation of Dupuis's work under the title of Grand Erratum ( 1827 ), in which he maintains, in parallel to Dupuis's thesis that the cult of Christ is merely a cult of the Sun, that Napoleon ( who, in reality, died a mere six years before the publication of the pamphlet ) never existed, but was only a sun myth.

It sold well and went into a fifth edition in 1741, the same year as Webster wrote a refutation of his own arguments, published under the pseudonym Andrew Freeport as The Draper Confuted.

Rabbi Isaac Krieshaber of Páks wrote a refutation, Maḳḳel No ' am ( מקל נועם Staff of Pleasantness ), which called forth a second pamphlet by Chorin, Shiryon Ḳasḳassim ( שריון קשקשים Armour of Quills ), ( Prague, 1799 ).

In 1863, he wrote a brilliant refutation of Episcopal Bishop John Henry Hopkins ' book The Bible View of Slavery.

This type of refutation is valid only if the inference was from one Scripture, not if it was from two Scriptures.

Elenctic refutation depends on a dichotomous thesis, one that may be divided into exactly two mutually exclusive parts, only one of which may be true.

Saʿadya Gaon dedicated an entire treatise, written in rhyming Hebrew, to a refutation of Ḥīwī's arguments, two fragments of which, preserved in the Cairo Geniza, have been published ( Davidson, 1915 ; Schirmann, 1965 ).< ref > Marzena Zawanowska.

The shape of these corpuscles, their properties, their movements, the laws under which they enter into combination and assume forms and qualities appreciable by the senses, with other preliminary matters on their nature and affections, together with a refutation of objections and opposing hypotheses, occupy the first two books.

A banquet was arranged for dignitaries where Ghulam Ahmad, upon request, spoke for some two hours explaining his claims, teachings and speaking in refutation of objections raised against his person ; here, he preached reconciliation between Hindus and Muslims.

In addition to the works above mentioned, Fellows published the following: The Xanthian Marbles ; their Acquisition and Transmission to England ( 1843 ), a refutation of false statements that had been published ; An Account of the Ionic Trophy Monument excavated at Xanthus ( 1848 ); a cheap edition of his two Journals, entitled Travels and Researches in Asia Minor, particularly in the Province of Lycia ( 1852 ); and Coins of Ancient Lycia before the Reign of Alexander ; with an Essay on the Relative Dates of the Lycian Monuments in the British Museum ( 1855 ).

The Prodromus was a Calvinist refutation of one of the most influential anti-Trinitarian works, De vera religione of Johannes Völkel.

An alternative anti-revolutionist view is that science as exemplified by Newton's Principia was anti-mechanist and highly Aristotelian, being specifically directed at the refutation of anti-Aristotelian Cartesian mechanism, as evidenced in the Principia quotations below, and not more empirical than it already was at the beginning of the century or earlier in the works of scientists such as Benedetti, Galileo Galilei, or Johannes Kepler.

* Apologeticus major with the three Antirrhetici against Mamonas-Constantine Kopronymos, a complete dogmatics of the belief in images, with an exhaustive discussion and refutation of all objections made in opposing writings, as well as those drawn from the works of the Fathers ;

* The third of these larger works is a refutation of the iconoclastic synod of 815 ( ed.

Of his many works, the earliest, published in 1810, entitled Versuch über die maltesische Sprache, was a successful refutation of the current opinion that the modern Maltese language was of Punic origin.

The six professors outlined what they considered to be " the current limits of scientifically acceptable investigation of the nervous system " and after criticising the Emerys and their work concluded that the article about the Emerys ' book " reflects upon the standards of brain research done in this University by those who are in it for the sake of finding out how a nervous system really works rather than for the support or refutation of a particular social issue ".

His last years were spent in travels ( Savoy, Germany, Switzerland, maybe Italy, and various regions in France ) and in publishing numerous works in Latin on algebra, geometry and mathematics, medicine ( a refutation of Galen, a work on the Plague ).

He studied the works of Chrysippus, and exerted his energy of a very acute and original mind in their refutation.

The outcome of such a dialectic might be the refutation of a relevant proposition, or of a synthesis, or a combination of the opposing assertions, or a qualitative improvement of the dialogue.

The rest of the dialogue is occasioned by Glaucon's dissatisfaction with Socrates ' refutation.

" In fact, a good deal of the early Christian literature is devoted to the exposure and refutation of unorthodox theology, mystery religions and Gnostic groups.

He also presents an argument against qualia ; he argues that the concept is so confused that it cannot be put to any use or understood in any non-contradictory way, and therefore does not constitute a valid refutation of physicalism.

Those who agree with this criticism argue it is a refutation of non-market socialism and that it shows that a fully planned economy could never work.

In contrast to Positivism, which held that statements are meaningless if they cannot be verified or falsified, Popper claimed that falsifiability is merely a special case of the more general notion of criticizability, even though he admitted that empirical refutation is one of the most effective methods by which theories can be criticized.

In the words of patriot Benjamin Rush, " The Old Testament is the best refutation that can be given to the divine right of kings, and the strongest argument that can be used in favor of the original and natural equality of all mankind.

# Socrates ' interlocutor asserts a thesis, for example " Courage is endurance of the soul ", which Socrates considers false and targets for refutation.

The phrase ignoratio elenchi is from Latin, and can be roughly translated as " ignorance of refutation ", that is, ignorance of what a refutation could logically be.

Here elenchi is the genitive singular of the Latin noun elenchus, which is from the Greek elenchos, meaning an argument of disproof or refutation.

For the intuitionist, this is not valid ; the refutation of the non-existence does not mean that it is possible to find a construction for the putative object, as is required in order to assert its existence.

Pseudoscience is often characterized by the use of vague, exaggerated or unprovable claims, an over-reliance on confirmation rather than rigorous attempts at refutation, a lack of openness to evaluation by other experts, and a general absence of systematic processes to rationally develop theories.

By and large, good moves in the very earliest stages are determined by whether there is a refutation to a move only and few other truly general considerations aside from what exactly constitutes a refutation.

Ferdinand Christian Baur ( 1792 – 1860 ), founder of the Tübingen School, drew attention to the anti-Pauline characteristic in the Pseudo-Clementines, and pointed out that in the disputations between Simon and Peter, some of the claims Simon is represented as making ( e. g. that of having seen the Lord, though not in his lifetime, yet subsequently in vision ) were really the claims of Paul ; and urged that Peter's refutation of Simon was in some places intended as a polemic against Paul.

The sugya is not punctuated in the conventional sense used in the English language, but by using specific expressions that help to divide the sugya into components, usually including a statement, a question on the statement, an answer, a proof for the answer or a refutation of the answer with its own proof.

The " Prolegomena " is considered a more concise, fair, and thorough refutation of psychologism than the criticisms made by Frege, and also it is considered today by many as being a memorable refutation for its decisive blow to psychologism.