This title was assumed by the king who seized control of Nippur, the intellectual and religious center of southern Mesopotamia.

After four centuries of urban life, this abrupt climatic change evidently caused abandonment of Tell Leilan, regional desertion, and collapse of the Akkadian empire based in southern Mesopotamia.

This collapse of rain-fed agriculture in the Upper Country meant the loss to southern Mesopotamia of the agrarian subsidies which had kept the Akkadian Empire solvent.

Though the name came to be commonly used to refer to the whole of southern Mesopotamia, Chaldea proper was in fact the vast plain in the far south east formed by the deposits of the Euphrates and the Tigris, extending to about four hundred miles along the course of these rivers, and about a hundred miles in average width.

When they came to possess the whole of southern Mesopotamia, the name " Chaldean " became synonymous with " Babylonian ", particularly to the Greeks and Jews.

The first cities started developing in southern Mesopotamia during the 4th millennium BC.

The Southern Levant is the southern portion of the geographical region bordering the Mediterranean between Egypt and Mesopotamia ( the Levant ).

Indus Valley civilization was mainly an urban culture sustained by surplus agricultural production and commerce, the latter including trade with Sumer in southern Mesopotamia.

The Amorite dynasty of Isin persisted until c. 1600 BC, when southern Mesopotamia was united under Kassite Babylonian rule.

Islamic armies conquered part of Persia, Syria, Mesopotamia, Egypt, Armenia, and what is now the modern-day post-Soviet Republic of Azerbaijan and surrounded the Byzantine heartland ( present-day Turkey ) in a pincer movement which extended from the Mediterranean to the Caucasus and the southern shores of the Caspian.

The geography of southern Mesopotamia is such that agriculture is possible only with irrigation and good drainage, a fact which has had a profound effect on the evolution of early Mesopotamian civilization.

The city came to be ruled by Babylon which rose to prominence in southern Mesopotamia in the 18th century BC.

The city, along with the rest of southern Mesopotamia and much of the Near East, Asia Minor, North Africa and southern Caucasus, fell to the north Mesopotamian Assyrian Empire from the 10th to late 7th centuries BC.

Excavations were also made below the royal tombs layer: a-thick layer of alluvial clay covered the remains of earlier habitation, including pottery from the Ubaid period, the first stage of settlement in southern Mesopotamia.

* Emperor Trajan is cut off in southern Mesopotamia after his invasion of that region.

Farmers in southern Mesopotamia had to protect their fields from flooding each year, except northern Mesopotamia which had just enough rain to make some farming possible.

* Battle of Edessa: Emperor Valerian is defeated by Persian forces under king Shapur I the Great in Mesopotamia ( southern Turkey ).

The earliest depiction of vehicles in the context of warfare is on the Standard of Ur in southern Mesopotamia, c. 2500 BC.

Following the collapse of the last Sumerian " Ur-III " dynasty at the hands of the Elamites ( 2002 BC traditional, 1940 BC short ), the Amorites, another Semitic people, gradually gained control over most of southern Mesopotamia, where they formed a series of small kingdoms, while the Assyrians reasserted their independence in the north.

Babylonian tradition held the king as an agent of the Mesopotamian god Marduk, and the city of Babylon as a " holy city " where any legitimate ruler of southern Mesopotamia had to be crowned.

However, southern Mesopotamia had no natural, defendable boundaries, making it vulnerable to attack.

)</ ref >) was an ancient civilization and historical region in southern Mesopotamia, modern Iraq during the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age.

But it had, as was usual in southern cities of this sort, a Black Bottom, a low region near the river where the Negroes lived -- servants and laborers huddled together in a region with no sewage save the river, where streets and sidewalks were neglected and where there was much poverty and crime.

Near the southern border, cattle of the early longhorn breed whose coloration was black with a lineback, with white speckles frequently appearin' on the sides and belly, were called `` zorrillas ''.

The Assyrians and Hittites were then left in the field to battle over control over eastern and southern Anatolia and colonial territories in Syria.

Ancient Pueblo peoples or Ancestral Pueblo peoples were an ancient Native American culture centered on the present-day Four Corners area of the United States, comprising southern Utah, northern Arizona, northwest New Mexico, and southern Colorado.

Incantations by mystic names were characteristic of the hybrid Gnosticism planted in Spain and southern Gaul at the end of the fourth century and at the beginning of the fifth, which Jerome connects with Basilides, and which ( according to his Epist., lxxv.

Before the mention of Alemanni in the time of Caracalla, you would search in vain for Alemanni in the moderately detailed geography of southern Germany in Claudius Ptolemy, written in Greek in the mid-2nd century ; it is likely that at that time, the people who later used that name were known by other designations.

The Ainu were distributed in the northern and central islands of Japan, from Sakhalin island in the north to the Kuril islands and the island of Hokkaidō and Northern Honshū, although some investigators place their former range as throughout Honshū and as far north as the southern tip of the Kamchatka Peninsula in what is now Cape Lopatka.

The amendment was submitted to the states for ratification by Congressional joint resolution, and therefore was not subject to Presidential veto, though Johnson vigorously opposed it, again because so many southern states were not represented in the Congress.

The dynasty originated amongst the Lamtuna and the Gudala, which were nomadic Berber tribes of the Sahara traversing the territory between southern Morocco, the Niger river and the Senegal river.

Several stars in the southern part of Antlia were a portion of " Dong ' ou ", which represented an area in southern China.

The sons were said to have become kings: Iocastus of the region in southern Italy as far as Rhegium ; Pheraemon and Androcles of the part of Sicily between the Strait of Messina and Lilybaeum ; Xuthus of Leontini ; Agathyrnus of what was known as Agathyrnitis, having founded Agathyrnum ; and Astyochus of Lipara.

While in the southern colonies, they could farm almost year round, in the northern colonies, the growing seasons were very restricted.

In comparison to the northern colonies, the southern colonies were quite diverse in their agricultural diet and did not have a central region of culture.

They were notably influenced by songs of African-Americans, such as those sung whilst manually loading vessels with cotton in ports of the southern United States.

Also vexatious were the Saxons, the name Roman writers gave to the peoples who lived in the northern part of what is now Germany and the southern part of the Jutland peninsula.

The southern part, the Oberen Freie Ämter ( upper Freie Ämter ), were ruled by the previous seven cantons but Bern was added to make an eighth.

White female abolitionists and suffragists were often more comfortable with black male abolitionists such as Frederick Douglass, while southern segregationalists and stereotypes of black female promiscuity and immorality caused protests whenever black women spoke.

After this, strong southern winds pushed the ice further into the north, and much of the waters north of Gotland were again free of ice, which had then packed against the shores of southern Finland.

Almost all of Bulgaria's 500, 000-man standing army was positioned against these two countries, on two fronts – western and southern, while the borders with Romania and the Ottoman Empire were left almost unguarded.

In autumn 2008, several cases were reported in the southern Swedish provinces of Småland, Halland, and Skåne,

The Bastarnae or Basternae () were an ancient Germanic tribe, who between 200 BC and 300 AD inhabited the region between the eastern Carpathian mountains and the Dnieper river ( corresponding to the modern Republic of Moldova and western part of southern Ukraine ).

The Bastarnae were also a target because they had recently subjugated the Triballi, whose territory lay on the southern bank of the Danube between the tributary rivers Utus ( Vit ) and Ciabrus ( Tsibritsa ), with their chief town at Oescus ( Gigen, Bulgaria ).