In 1929 the Polish mathematician Marian Rejewski, who would solve the German Enigma cipher machine in December 1932, began studying actuarial statistics at Göttingen.

* Kernel trick, in machine learning and statistics

The concept has been given an axiomatic mathematical derivation in probability theory, which is used widely in such areas of study as mathematics, statistics, finance, gambling, science, artificial intelligence / machine learning and philosophy to, for example, draw inferences about the expected frequency of events.

Methodologies of interest for Reactive Search include machine learning and statistics, in particular reinforcement learning, active or query learning, neural networks, and meta-heuristics.

It utilizes methods at the intersection of artificial intelligence, machine learning, statistics, and database systems.

The term is a buzzword, and is frequently misused to mean any form of large-scale data or information processing ( collection, extraction, warehousing, analysis, and statistics ) but is also generalized to any kind of computer decision support system, including artificial intelligence, machine learning, and business intelligence.

Schapire's affirmative answer to Kearns ' question has had significant ramifications in machine learning and statistics, most notably leading to the development of boosting.

In statistics and machine learning, overfitting occurs when a statistical model describes random error or noise instead of the underlying relationship.

* Ensemble learning ( statistics and machine learning )

Inverse problems arise in many branches of science and mathematics, including computer vision, natural language processing, machine learning, statistics, statistical inference, geophysics, medical imaging ( such as computed axial tomography and EEG / ERP ), remote sensing, ocean acoustic tomography, nondestructive testing, astronomy, physics and many other fields.

There are many similarities between machine learning theory and statistics, although they use different terms.

It has been applied to several kinds of algorithm in machine learning and statistics, including:

Text mining is an interdisciplinary field that draws on information retrieval, data mining, machine learning, statistics, and computational linguistics.

In statistics and machine learning, discretization refers to the process of converting continuous features or variables to discretized or nominal features.

* A bibliography on learning causal networks of gene interactions-regularly updated, contains hundreds of links to papers from bioinformatics, statistics, machine learning.

Today, parallel GPUs have begun making computational inroads against the CPU, and a subfield of research, dubbed GPU Computing or GPGPU for General Purpose Computing on GPU, has found its way into fields as diverse as machine learning, oil exploration, scientific image processing, linear algebra, statistics, 3D reconstruction and even stock options pricing determination.

An independent variable is also known as a " predictor variable ", " regressor ", " controlled variable " ( but see below ), " manipulated variable ", " explanatory variable ", " exposure variable " ( see reliability theory ), " risk factor " ( see medical statistics ), " feature " ( see machine learning and pattern recognition ) or an " input variable.

They are commonly used in probability theory, statistics — particularly Bayesian statistics — and machine learning.

In statistics and machine learning, the k-means algorithm is a clustering algorithm to partition n objects into k clusters, where k < n. It is similar to the expectation-maximization algorithm for mixtures of Gaussians in that they both attempt to find the centers of natural clusters in the data.

Decision tree learning, used in statistics, data mining and machine learning, uses a decision tree as a predictive model which maps observations about an item to conclusions about the item's target value.

These spaces have wide applications, including complex analysis, harmonic analysis, quantum mechanics, statistics and machine learning.

* In statistics, data mining and machine learning, bootstrap aggregating

* The minimum message length principle ( Wallace and Boulton, 1968, WB1968 ) — an information-theoretic principle in statistics, econometrics, machine learning, inductive inference and knowledge discovery which can be seen both as a mathematical formalisation of Occam's Razor and as an invariant Bayesian method of model selection and point estimation,

This image understanding can be seen as the disentangling of symbolic information from image data using models constructed with the aid of geometry, physics, statistics, and learning theory.

It bridges the gap from applied statistics and artificial intelligence ( which usually provide the mathematical background ) to database management by exploiting the way data is stored and indexed in databases to execute the actual learning and discovery algorithms more efficiently, allowing such methods to be applied to ever larger data sets.

* Bayesian model averaging, a method in Bayesian statistics, see ensemble learning

Unsupervised learning is closely related to the problem of density estimation in statistics.

Fahy Hall includes several student resources and facilities, including two television studios, two amphitheaters and laboratories for computing, language learning, and statistics.

Other examples include Fastmail. fm, an email provider owned by Opera Software, Last. fm, an Internet radio streaming and statistics service, Smart. fm, an online learning tool, Tastebuds. fm, a dating website for music lovers, Turntable. fm, a social media website that allows users to interactively share music and CHARGED. fm, an event marketing and social ticketing site, Reaper. fm a digital audio workstation software site.

Student laboratory exercises with data from such devices enhances learning of math, especially statistics and mechanics.

He is basing his guess on new government statistics that show business has broadened its stride -- a new record high in personal income, an increase in housing starts, a spurt in retail sales and a gain in orders for durable goods.

Today the recreational boating scene is awash with heartening statistics which prove the enormous growth of that sport.

It also provides a frame within which the registration of vital events is gradually gaining force ( though one cannot expect to obtain reliable vital statistics in most parts of the Congo from this source in the near future ).

Downtown Los Angeles is already two-thirds freeway, interchange, street, parking lot and garage -- one of those preposterous `` if '' statistics has already come to pass.

According to a newspaper report of the 1961 statistics of the Church of England, the `` total of confirmed members is 9,748,000, but only 2,887,671 are registered on the parochial church rolls '', and `` over 27 million people in England are baptized into the Church of England, but roughly only a tenth of them continue ''.

Almost daily something is reported which feeds this Catholic hope in England: statistics of the increasing numbers of converts and Irish Catholic immigrants ; ;

In mathematics and statistics, the arithmetic mean, or simply the mean or average when the context is clear, is the central tendency of a collection of numbers taken as the sum of the numbers divided by the size of the collection.

The term " arithmetic mean " is preferred in mathematics and statistics because it helps distinguish it from other means such as the geometric and harmonic mean.

In addition to mathematics and statistics, the arithmetic mean is used frequently in fields such as economics, sociology, and history, though it is used in almost every academic field to some extent.

In statistics, analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) is a collection of statistical models, and their associated procedures, in which the observed variance in a particular variable is partitioned into components attributable to different sources of variation.

Furthermore, in mathematics, the letter alpha is used to denote the area underneath a normal curve in statistics to denote significance level when proving null and alternative hypotheses.

For such an online algorithm, a recurrence relation is required between quantities from which the required statistics can be calculated in a numerically stable fashion.

By preserving the value, only one division operation is needed and the higher-order statistics can thus be calculated for little incremental cost.

The remainder of the book is a collection of essays on the game, statistics for the new characters and an update of the older ones in light of their appearance in the second series, and ( perhaps most usefully for GMs ) plot summaries of each of the ten books.

It is one of the most common specific phobias, and some statistics show that 50 % of women and 10 % of men show symptoms.

It is questionable that the results would be different if cases were conducted under the differing approaches ; in fact no statistics exist that can show whether or not these systems would come to the same results.

Green ( Old World ) archaeoastronomers rely heavily on statistics and are sometimes accused of missing the cultural context of what is a social practice.

It is based primarily on statistics and is particularly apt for prehistoric sites where the social evidence is relatively scant compared to the historic period.

In baseball, an at bat ( AB ) or time at bat is used to calculate certain statistics, including batting average, on base percentage, and slugging percentage.

Note that just because a player is described as being " at bat " in this sense, he will not necessarily be given an at bat in his statistics ; the phrase actually signifies a plate appearance ( assuming it is eventually completed ).