It was also intended so that Americans with disabilities would be kept in the mainstream in terms of scientific and medical research and developments, especially opening future opportunities in Space exploration to them, as well as public policy changes, healthcare law and policy changes, and civil rights protections and public law changes for Americans with physical, mental and cognitive disabilities.

The fundamental concept of cognitive science is " that thinking can best be understood in terms of representational structures in the mind and computational procedures that operate on those structures.

The term " cognitive " in " cognitive science " is " used for any kind of mental operation or structure that can be studied in precise terms " ( Lakoff and Johnson, 1999 ).

Ulric Neisser coined the term " cognitive psychology " in his book Cognitive Psychology, published in 1967 wherein Neisser provides a definition of cognitive psychology characterizing people as dynamic information-processing systems whose mental operations might be described in computational terms.

Research in this area attempts to understand the relation between expert knowledge and exceptional performance in terms of cognitive structures and processes.

Mental processes, mental functions and cognitive processes are terms often used interchangeably ( although not always correctly so, the term cognitive tends to have specific implications – see cognitive and cognitivism ) to mean such functions or processes as perception, introspection, memory, creativity, imagination, conception, belief, reasoning, volition, and emotion — in other words, all the different things that we can do with our minds.

In cognitive linguistics, the terms target and source are used respectively.

In terms of cognitive abilities, one study has shown that morphine may have a negative impact on anterograde and retrograde memory, but these effects are minimal and are transient.

These terms have been used in interchangeable ways which can allow for cognitive and clinical diagnostic misjudgment to occur.

Slobin on the other hand, described another kind of cognitive process that he named " thinking for speaking " – the kind of processes in which perceptional data and other kinds of prelinguistic cognition are translated into linguistic terms for the purpose of communicating them to others.

Particularly strong evidence for a role of working memory for development comes from a longitudinal study showing that working-memory capacity at one age predicts reasoning ability at a later age Studies in the Neo-Piagetian tradition have added to this picture by analyzing the complexity of cognitive tasks in terms of the number of items or relations that have to be considered simultaneously for a solution.

Between 50 and 66 % of patients also meet the criteria for BPD, and nearly 75 % of patients with BPD also meet the criteria for DID with considerable overlap between the two conditions in terms of personality traits, cognitive and day-to-day functioning and ratings by clinicians.

In modern cognitive psychology, many researchers have sought to strip the notion of the unconscious from its Freudian heritage, and alternative terms such as " implicit " or " automatic " have come into currency.

These terms are also employed in neuroscience, cognitive neuroscience and cognitive psychology to discuss the flow of information in processing.

In cognitive terms, two thinking approaches are distinguished.

Lakoff and Núñez hold that mathematics results from the human cognitive apparatus and must therefore be understood in cognitive terms.

WMCF advocates ( and includes some examples of ) a cognitive idea analysis of mathematics which analyzes mathematical ideas in terms of the human experiences, metaphors, generalizations, and other cognitive mechanisms giving rise to them.

Nahapiet and Ghoshal in their examination of the role of social capital in the creation of intellectual capital, suggest that social capital should be considered in terms of three clusters: structural, relational, and cognitive.

Today, in the era of the integrated musical when an individual song must contribute to the over-all development of the show, it is understandable that a song, no matter how excellent it may be on its own terms, is cut out because it does not perform the function required of it.

In morphosyntactic alignment terms, both perform the accusative function, but the accusative object is telic, while the partitive is not.

The Péter-Ackermann function can also be expressed in terms of various other versions of the Ackermann function:

Computing the Ackermann function can be restated in terms of an infinite table.

which is defined in terms of the factorial function n !.

This expression is related to the development of Bessel functions in terms of the Bessel – Clifford function.

In terms of the Laguerre polynomials and arbitrarily chosen parameter, the Bessel function can be expressed as

Other terms with this type of ambiguity are: satisfiable, true, false, function, property, class, relation, cardinal, and ordinal.

* Conical function, functions which can be expressed in terms of Legendre functions of the first and second kind

) In more prosaic terms, those who hold to the Copenhagen understanding are willing to say that a wave function involves the various probabilities that a given event will proceed to certain different outcomes.

The electron-exchange terms for the bond involves only one wave function from each atom.

In DFT, the total energy is expressed in terms of the total one-electron density rather than the wave function.

Cytology is that branch of life science, which deals with the study of cells in terms of structure, function and chemistry.

For alternative ( equivalent ) formulations of the definition in terms of a bijective function or a surjective function, see the section Formal definition and properties below.

That is, if f is a function and g is a function, then the chain rule expresses the derivative of the composite function in terms of the derivatives of f and g.

In simple terms, the Church – Turing thesis states that a function is algorithmically computable if and only if it is computable by a Turing machine.

The original probability density may be expressed in terms of the characteristic function, essentially by using the inverse Fourier transform:

The transfer function is a mathematical representation, in terms of spatial or temporal frequency, of the relation between the input and output of a linear time-invariant solution of the nonlinear differential equations describing the system.

In terms of thermodynamics, the internal energy of the calorimetric material can be considered as the value of a function of, with partial derivatives and.

Again, further in terms of thermodynamics, the internal energy of the calorimetric material can sometimes, depending on the calorimetric material, be considered as the value of a function of, with partial derivatives and, and with being expressible as the value of a function of, with partial derivatives and.

The terms do not appear to indicate any mystic, esoteric or hidden meaning in the works of Plato, but instead expressed a sort of higher intelligence and ability analogous to talent.

He claimed that this approach would enable the creation of what he terms " artificial brains " which would quickly surpass human levels of intelligence.

Englishman Francis Galton coined the terms psychometrics and eugenics, and developed a method for measuring intelligence based on nonverbal sensory-motor tests.

George Tenet, then-Director of the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ), later described intelligence reports of his meeting with Al Qaeda as “ frustratingly vague .” He, however, told the FIA intelligence officials in very clear terms that he had nothing to do with the Al-Qaeda or any other terrorist organization and he was only working on humanitarian issues like food, health and education.

In the nineteenth century, Charles Sanders Peirce defined what he termed " semiotic " ( which he sometimes spelled as " semeiotic ") as the " quasi-necessary, or formal doctrine of signs ", which abstracts " what must be the characters of all signs used by ... an intelligence capable of learning by experience ", and which is philosophical logic pursued in terms of signs and sign processes.

The revised and expanded, second edition of the Mismeasure of Man ( 1996 ) analyzes and challenges the methodological accuracy of The Bell Curve ( 1994 ), by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray, which re-presented the arguments of what Gould terms biological determinism, which he defines as " the abstraction of intelligence as a single entity, its location within the brain, its quantification as one number for each individual, and the use of these numbers to rank people in a single series of worthiness, invariably to find that oppressed and disadvantaged groups — races, classes, or sexes — are innately inferior and deserve their status.

Murrow himself said he tried " to describe things in terms that make sense to the truck driver without insulting the intelligence of the professor.

Often the more general terms "( large scale ) data analysis ", or " analytics " – or when referring to actual methods, artificial intelligence and machine learning – are more appropriate.

These analyses indicate that although " there is an overlap of the implicit theory of wisdom with intelligence, perceptiveness, spirituality and shrewdness, it is evident that wisdom is a distinct term and not a composite of other terms.

Under the terms of the deal struck with " patriotic " members of the Italian military intelligence agency SISMI ( Carlos ' words ), several Italian servicemen and members of a Palestinian resistance group would escort the prisoners to an Arab country.

In the American military and intelligence communities, polygraphs have been administered both as terms of qualifying for a security clearance and as part of a periodic reinvestigation to retain a clearance.

For a novice player the difference ( i. e. experience, not taking into account the actual skill ) between a human opponent and a computer controlled opponent may be near nil, however for a skilled player the lack of human intelligence is usually easily noticed in most bot implementations ; regardless of the actual skill of the bot — which lack of intelligence can be at least somewhat compensated for in terms of e. g. extreme ( superhuman ) accuracy and aim.

Other researchers have occasionally used the terms flexible thinking or fluid intelligence, which are roughly similar to ( but not synonymous with ) creativity.

Some researchers believe that creativity is the outcome of the same cognitive processes as intelligence, and is only judged as creativity in terms of its consequences, i. e. when the outcome of cognitive processes happens to produce something novel, a view which Perkins has termed the " nothing special " hypothesis.

In human species the faculty of niche building is favoured by a practical intelligence able to design the circumstances that will put its vital acquirements out of harms way in terms of ( lineary predicted ) natural selection.

* Words of Estimative Probability, terms used by intelligence analysts to convey the likelihood of a future event occurring

There is also usually another main character who is on a par with him in terms of intelligence and serves as someone for him to play games of one-upmanship with, such as Lord Melchett and Captain Darling, but these characters are typically sycophantic toadies who suck up to their superiors like Queenie and General Melchett, whom Blackadder himself is also forced to reluctantly serve.

After his escape, Lu Xun acknowledged that he could never better Zhuge Liang in terms of intelligence, and then ordered a withdrawal because he feared that Wei might take advantage of the situation to attack Wu.

Former Secretary of Defense Cohen defended, in his testimony to the 9 / 11 Commission in 2004, along with other cited Clinton security cabinet members in their separate 9 / 11 Commission testimony, the decision to destroy Al Shifa: " At the time, the intelligence community at the highest level repeatedly assured us that " it never gets better than this " in terms of confidence in an intelligence conclusion regarding a hard target.

A variant of term logic, probabilistic term logic, which assigns a probability value and a confidence value to the truth of both terms and propositions, is gaining popularity in artificial intelligence systems.