The essential idea of " fractured " dimensions has a long history in mathematics, but the term itself was brought to the fore by Benoît Mandelbrot based on his 1967 paper on self-similarity in which he discussed fractional dimensions.

Statistical Self-Similarity and Fractional Dimension " is a paper by mathematician Benoît Mandelbrot, first published in Science in 1967.

In this paper Mandelbrot discusses self-similar curves that have Hausdorff dimension between 1 and 2.

These curves are examples of fractals, although Mandelbrot does not use this term in the paper, as he did not coin it until 1975.

Near the end of the paper Mandelbrot briefly discusses how one might approach the study of fractal-like objects in nature that look random rather than regular.

Although his paper was widely cited, a random selection of 60 of these citations revealed that 29 of the papers were direct rebuttals or criticisms of Jensen's arguments, 8 cited the paper as an " example of controversy ," 8 used it as a background reference.

The internal white paper by Frank Hecker that led to the release of the Mozilla ( then Netscape ) source code in 1998 cited The Cathedral and the Bazaar as " independent validation " of ideas proposed by Eric Hahn and Jamie Zawinski.

The 1972 essay is sometimes cited instead of the 1973 paper, but university libraries are much more likely to have copies of Nature.

According to CiteSeer, Ian Clarke's " Freenet: A Distributed Anonymous Information Storage and Retrieval System " was the most cited computer science paper of 2000.

Dedekind, whom Cantor befriended in 1872, cited this paper later that year, in the paper where he first set out his celebrated definition of real numbers by Dedekind cuts.

Lewis later cited these notes in his classic 1916 paper on chemical bonding, as being the first expression of his ideas.

This work was reported in the most highly cited paper ever published in the journal Cell, and provided a molecular mechanism by which mammalian cells undergo growth arrest when damaged.

In their 2002 paper ( which has been cited more than 280 times ), a footnote on the " Cardassian term " states:

However, authors usually credit the result to a 1966 paper by Böhm and Jacopini, possibly because Dijkstra cited this paper himself.

His 1979 " spandrels " paper has been cited more than 4, 000 times.

Hydrophilic extractions of the herb commonly sold over-the-counter, however, probably do not contain significant amounts of isovaltrate ( according to the paper cited previously ).

Seth Kalichman cited her 2009 paper as an example of AIDS denialism " flourishing ", and argued that her " endorsement of HIV / AIDS denialism defies understanding.

It replaced the incorrect although much cited alpha process of the B2FH paper, which inadvertently obscurred Hoyle's better 1954 theory.

In the early 1990s, the widely cited Web page and paper " Toward Principles for the Design of Ontologies Used for Knowledge Sharing " by Tom Gruber is credited with a deliberate definition of ontology as a technical term in computer science.

Gives technical background material and details on the " An historical perspective on meta-analysis " paper cited in the references.

* 1993 A widely cited version of the paper above is published in Communications of the ACM-Special issue on computer augmented environments, edited by Pierre Wellner, Wendy Mackay, and Rich Gold.

In 2010, the paper cited its local focus as a reason for running its first-ever front page advertisement: the Capital One ad was being run to draw attention to the rebranding of Chevy Chase Bank, a bank Capital One bought in 2009.

This review paper collected and refined earlier research into a heavily cited picture that gave promise of accounting for the observed relative abundances of the elements ; but it did not itself enlarge Hoyle's 1954 work as much as many assumed, except in the understanding of nucleosynthesis of those elements heavier than iron.

He cited Mendel's 1865 and 1869 papers in the bibliography that accompanied his 1892 paper, " Cross Breeding and Hybridizing.

The purpose of citations in original work is to allow readers of the paper to refer to cited work to assist them in judging the new work, source background information vital for future development, and acknowledge the contributions of earlier workers.

By the time Felix turned up it was early afternoon, which, one would think, would be late enough so that by then, except for small children and a few hardy souls who had not yet sobered up, it could have been expected that people would no longer be having any sort of active interest in the previous night's noisemakers and paper hats.

He replaced the frog's leg with brine-soaked paper, and detected the flow of electricity by other means familiar to him from his previous studies.

Paraguay's highly centralized government was fundamentally changed by the 1992 constitution, which reinforced a division of powers that in the previous two Constitutions existed mostly on paper.

This development of white mensural notation may be a result of the increased use of paper ( rather than vellum ), as the weaker paper was less able to withstand the scratching required to fill in solid noteheads ; notation of previous times, written on vellum, had been black.

The Frisch Medal, so named in his honor, is given every two years for the best paper published in the aforementioned Econometrica in the previous five years.

The Times was founded the year after the Washington Star, the previous " second paper " of D. C., went out of business, after operating for over 100 years.

* March 3 – The first paper is published describing the Atomic force microscope, invented the previous year by Gerd Binnig, Calvin Quate and Christopher Berger.

Among the coauthors of this 1990 paper were Kip Thorne, Mike Morris, and Ulvi Yurtsever, who in 1988 had stirred up renewed interest in the subject of time travel in general relativity with their paper Wormholes, Time Machines, and the Weak Energy Condition, which showed that a new general relativity solution known as a traversable wormhole could lead to closed timelike curves, and unlike previous CTC-containing solutions it did not require unrealistic conditions for the universe as a whole.

Vaaler probably succeeded in having his design patented abroad, despite the previous existence of more useful paper clips, because patent authorities at that time were quite liberal and rewarded any marginal modification of existing inventions.

During the Nepali holiday of Gai Jatra ( Cow Pilgrimage ), every family who has lost a family member during the previous year makes a construction of bamboo branches, cloth, paper decorations and portraits of the deceased, called a gai.

Each of the 6 previous movements, when applied to strike a paper target, leave a round or oval hole, whereas the half-fence leaves a crescent or half-moon-shaped hole.

This was a legacy of the previous system of calculating postage, which partly depended on the number of sheets of paper used.

Since the afternoon paper was put together the previous evening, the night city editor was the key news editor.

The paper which, contrarily to de Branges's claimed proof, was peer-reviewed and published in a scientific journal gives numerical counterexamples and non-numerical counterclaims to some positivity conditions concerning Hilbert spaces which would, according to previous demonstrations by de Branges, imply the correctness of RH.

In the grease spot test, heptane is used to dissolve the oil spot to show the previous presence of organic compounds on a stained paper.

Like previous taxes, the stamp tax had to be paid in valid British currency, not in colonial paper money.

The British government announced on 22 November 2006 that the two separate ballot papers used in the previous Scottish Parliament elections would be replaced for the elections in May 2007 by a single paper — with the left side listing the parties standing for election as regional MSPs and the right side the candidates standing as constituency MSPs.

Scientific citation is providing detailed reference in a scientific publication, typically a paper or book, to previous published ( or occasionally private ) communications which have a bearing on the subject of the new publication.

* A thin line shows where a previous fold has creased the paper.

* A dotted line shows a previous fold that's hidden behind other paper, or sometimes shows a fold that's not yet made.

In the previous year, 63 million tons ( 57 million tonnes ) of market pulp ( not made into paper in the same facility ) was sold, with Canada being the largest source at 21 % of the total, followed by the United States at 16 %.

In June, 1996, Duncan introduced a paper titled " The Olduvai Theory: Sliding Towards a Post-Industrial Stone Age " where the term " Olduvai Theory " replaced " transient-pulse theory " used in previous papers.

Unlike every previous spending announcement of its kind, no " white paper " or detailed breakdown of this number was available nor was any claimed to exist.