Hurrian kingdoms, such as Nairi and the powerful state of Urartu arose in north eastern Anatolia from the 10th century BC, before eventually falling to the Assyrians.

Byzantine control was challenged by Arab raids starting in the 7th century ( see Byzantine – Arab Wars ), but in the 9th and 10th century a resurgent Byzantine Empire regained its lost territories and even expanded beyond its traditional borders, into Armenia and Syria ( ancient Aram ).

But by the 10th century the rule was commonly set aside, and we find frequent complaints of abbots dressing in silk, and adopting sumptuous attire.

During the Carolingian epoch the custom grew up of granting these as regular heritable fiefs or benefices, and by the 10th century, before the great Cluniac reform, the system was firmly established.

In the 10th century, Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi carried out observations on the stars and described their positions, magnitudes and star color, and gave drawings for each constellation, in his Book of Fixed Stars.

The 10th century Skald Þorbjörn dísarskáld is quoted in Skáldskaparmál as stating:

According to the Suda, a 10th century encyclopedia, Alexis was the paternal uncle of the dramatist Menander and wrote 245 comedies, of which only fragments now survive, including some 130 preserved titles.

Details of his life are described in a work by the 10th century Welsh scholar and bishop Asser.

The reason the digits are more commonly known as " Arabic numerals " in Europe and the Americas is that they were introduced to Europe in the 10th century by Arabs of North Africa, who were then using the digits from Libya to Morocco.

In the 10th century, Middle-Eastern mathematicians extended the decimal numeral system to include fractions, as recorded in a treatise by Syrian mathematician Abu ' l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi in 952 – 953.

A distinctive West Arabic variant of the symbols begins to emerge around the 10th century in the Maghreb and Al-Andalus, called ghubar (" sand-table " or " dust-table ") numerals, which are the direct ancestor of the modern Western Arabic numerals used throughout the world.

As a result of influence from the West Saxons, the tribes were collectively called Anglo-Saxons by the Normans, the West Saxon kingdom having conquered, united and founded the Kingdom of England by the 10th century.

Empress Adelaide was perhaps the most prominent European woman of the 10th century ; she was regent of the Holy Roman Empire as the guardian of her grandson in 991-995.

However, other scholars have argued that though 80 % of al-Andalus converted to Islam, it did not truly occur until near the 10th century.

The complete conversion of Afghanistan to Islam was during the period of the Ghaznavids in the 10th century.

The Hindu Shahi were defeated in the early part of the 10th century by Mahmud of Ghazna who ruled between 998 and 1030.

In the 10th century Troas is given as a suffragan of Cyzicus and distinct from the famous Troy ( Heinrich Gelzer, Ungedruckte ... Texte der Notitiae episcopatuum, 552 ; Georgii Cyprii descriptio orbis romani, 64 ); it is not known when the city was destroyed and the diocese disappeared.

The city dates back at least to the 10th century when it was known by its first Latin name of Alavarium, literally, " a gathering place or preserve of birds.

In 10th century Yemen al-Hamdani described how spreading al-iglimiya, probably zinc oxide, onto the surface of molten copper produced tutiya vapor which then reacted with the metal.

German brass making crucibles are known from Dortmund dating to the 10th century AD and from Soest and Schwerte in Westphalia dating to around the 13th century confirm Theophilus ' account, as they are open-topped, although ceramic discs from Soest may have served as loose lids which may have been used to reduce zinc evaporation, and have slag on the interior resulting from a liquid process.

Successful recreations have been performed by Anthemius of Tralles ( 6th century AD ), Proclus ( 6th century ) ( who by this means purportedly destroyed the fleet of Vitellus besieging Constantinople ), Ibn Sahl in his On Burning Mirrors and Lenses ( 10th century ), Alhazen in his Book of Optics ( 1021 ), Roger Bacon ( 13th century ), Giambattista della Porta and his friends ( 16th century ), Athanasius Kircher and Gaspar Schott ( 17th century ), the Comte du Buffon in 1740 in Paris, Ioannis Sakas in the 1970s in Greece, and others.

Handscroll detail of a China | Chinese percussionist playing a drum for a dancing woman, from a 12th century remake of Gu Hongzhong's 10th century originals, Song Dynasty.

Chinese women playing flutes, from the 12th-century Song Dynasty remake of the Night Revels of Han Xizai, originally by Gu Hongzhong ( 10th century )

According to Song Dynasty sources, it originated around the 10th century.

Another possible predecessor state was called Po-ni ( pinyin: Boni ) By the 10th century Po-ni had contacts with first the Song dynasty and at some point even entered into a tributary relationship with China.

Ships in Chinese canals did not have trouble reaching higher elevations after the pound lock was invented in the 10th century, during the Song Dynasty ( 960 – 1279 ), by the government official and engineer Qiao Weiyo.

The Southern Han state is forced to submit to the Song Dynasty, ending not only Southern Han rule, but also the first regular war elephant corps employed in a Chinese army that had gained the Southern Han victories throughout the 10th century.

The Song navy was of great importance during the consolidation of the empire in the 10th century ; during the war against the Southern Tang state the Song navy employed tactics such as defending large floating pontoon bridges across the Yangzi River in order to secure movements of troops and supplies.

Sichuan was again incorporated into the expanding Chinese Empire of Song in the middle of the 10th century as the frontier.

Other famous paintings include The Night Revels of Han Xizai, originally painted by the Southern Tang artist Gu Hongzhong in the 10th century, while the well-known version of his painting is a 12th century remake of the Song Dynasty.

The American Film Institute ranked the film 10th on AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals ; two songs from the film made AFI's 100 Years ... 100 Songs (" The Trolley Song " at # 26 and " Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas " at # 76 ).

During the Song Dynasty, the compilation of the Four Great Books of Song ( 10th century – 11th century ), begun by Li Fang and completed by Cefu Yuangui, represented a massive undertaking of written material covering a wide range of different subjects.

* March 20 – The 10th Eurovision Song Contest in Naples, Italy, is won by 17-year-old France Gall, representing Luxembourg, with the Serge Gainsbourg-composed " Poupée de cire, poupée de son ".

Song Dynasty celadon porcelain with a fenghuang spout, 10th century, China.

The girls performed a special concert at the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 on the 10th of May.

The Eurovision Song Contest 1965 was the 10th in the series.

A vase with a phoenix-headed spout, gray sandstone with celadon coating, Song Dynasty, last half of 10th century.

The year of 1999 started with the release of Runners High and to celebrate their 10th anniversary, the pillows released their first video clips compilation DVD, " We Have a Theme Song ", followed by two new singles (" Carnival " and " Rush "), both featured on the second studio album release of that year, Happy Bivouac.

Vanna represented Croatia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2001 in Copenhagen on May 12, 2001 and finished 10th.

In the first half of the 10th century, between the fall of Tang and the rise of Song, there was brisk trade between the overseas world and the Fujian kingdom of Min and the rich Guangdong kingdom of Nan Han.

In February 2005 Klee appeared on the Bundesvision Song Contest and performed " Gold " representing for the Saarland and came 10th.

Samantha Janus represented United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 1991 with the Paul Curtis-written song " A Message to Your Heart ", which was placed 10th.

Samantha Janus went on to represent United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 1991 finishing 10th with 47 points.