There was keen competition between the two from the introduction of the The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing | Algebra into Europe in the 12th century until its triumph in the 16th.

During the 20th century BC the Indo-European Hittites entered the region and gradually established a great empire which was destroyed by invaders in the 12th century.

The current consensus, based on terminology defined by the Pecos Classification, suggests their emergence around the 12th century BCE, during the archaeologically designated Early Basketmaker II Era.

A novel called Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, based on Avicenna's story, was later written by Ibn Tufail ( Abubacer ) in the 12th century and translated into Latin and English as Philosophus Autodidactus in the 17th and 18th centuries respectively.

These exceptions, introduced with a good object, had grown into a widespread evil by the 12th century, virtually creating an imperium in imperio, and depriving the bishop of all authority over the chief centres of influence in his diocese.

In the 12th century the abbots of Fulda claimed precedence of the archbishop of Cologne.

Although controversial at its time, the 13 principles laid out by the 12th century Spanish Jewish philosopher Maimonides are now considered mostly normative.

Gothic-This style prevailed between the 12th century and the 16th century in Europe.

The modern history of Abensberg, which is often incorrectly compared with that of the 3rd century Roman castra ( military outpost ) of Abusina, begins with Gebhard, who was the first to mention Abensberg as a town, in the middle of the 12th century.

Rebuilt by the emperor Justin I after an earthquake in the 6th century, it became Justinopolis ( 525 ); but the old native name persisted, and when Thoros I, king of Lesser Armenia, made it his capital early in the 12th century, it was known as Anazarva.

They are said to go back at least to the Greek poet Lycophron, in the third century BCE ; but this relies on an account of Lycophron given by John Tzetzes in the 12th century.

In the 12th century eddic prose Gylfaginning Snorri Sturluson relates it as the first of a series of abodes in heaven:

As a theologian Alain de Lille shared in the mystic reaction of the second half of the 12th century against the scholastic philosophy.

Brought back from Sippar to Susa as war prize in the 12th century BC

A popular legend, originating from 12th century chronicles, tells how when he first fled to the Somerset Levels, Alfred was given shelter by a peasant woman who, unaware of his identity, left him to watch some cakes she had left cooking on the fire.

Alger of Liège ( 1055 – 1131 ), known also as Alger of Cluny and Algerus Magister, was a learned clergyman from Liège who lived in the first half of the 12th century.

He was born in the latter part of the 12th century at Bennes, a village between Ollé and Chauffours in the diocese of Chartres.

In 1122 Afonso became fourteen, the adult age in the 12th century.

Dr. Alastair Northedge, a British archaeologist who wrote a book about findings in ' Anah, wrote that the minaret is ' commonly attributed to the Uqaylid ( dynasty ) and the 5th / 11th century ( AH / AD ), though ... more probably of the 6th / 12th century.

In the 12th century CE the Andalusian Muslim philosopher and novelist Abu Bakr Ibn Tufail ( known as " Abubacer " or " Ebn Tophail " in the West ) included the theory of tabula rasa as a thought experiment in his Arabic philosophical novel, Hayy ibn Yaqdhan in which he depicted the development of the mind of a feral child " from a tabula rasa to that of an adult, in complete isolation from society " on a desert island, through experience alone.

Ibn Barun in the 12th century compares the Hebrew language with Arabic in the Islamic grammatical tradition.

In the 12th century, Ibn Barun compared the Hebrew language with Arabic in the Islamic grammatical tradition.

The city, nevertheless, maintained important trade relationships, and housed a relatively flourishing cultural and artistic life: several Arab poets, including Ibn Hamdis, the most important Sicilian poet of the 12th century, flourished in the city.

Averroes ( Ibn Rushd ) introduced teleological arguments into his interpretations of Aristotle from an Islamic perspective in Moorish Spain in the latter half of the 12th Century.

In the 12th century, the Andalusian-Islamic philosopher and novelist Ibn Tufail ( known as " Abubacer " or " Ebn Tophail " in the West ) demonstrated the theory of tabula rasa as a thought experiment through his Arabic philosophical novel, Hayy ibn Yaqzan, in which he depicted the development of the mind of a feral child " from a tabula rasa to that of an adult, in complete isolation from society " on a desert island, through experience alone.

Many attempted to find a proof by contradiction, including Persian mathematicians Ibn al-Haytham ( Alhazen, 11th century ), Omar Khayyám ( 12th century ) and Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī ( 13th century ), and the Italian mathematician Giovanni Girolamo Saccheri ( 18th century ).

The first planetary model without any epicycles was that of Ibn Bajjah ( Avempace ) in 12th century Andalusian Spain, but epicycles were not eliminated in Europe until the 17th century, when Johannes Kepler's model of elliptical orbits gradually replaced Copernicus ' model based on perfect circles.

In the 12th century medical textbook Al-Taisir, Ibn Zuhr ( 1092 – 1162 )— also known as Avenzoar — of Al-Andalus provided a correct description of the tracheotomy operation.

The first reliable reference to cauliflower is found in the writings of the Arab Muslim scientists Ibn al -' Awwam and Ibn al-Baitar, in the 12th and 13th centuries.

Spinach became a popular vegetable in the Arab Mediterranean and arrived in Spain by the latter part of the 12th century, where the great Arab agronomist Ibn al -' Awwam called it the " captain of leafy greens ".

This period starts with al-Kindi in the 9th century and ends with Averroes ( Ibn Rushd ) at the end of 12th century.

Due to Avicenna's ( Ibn Sina's ) successful reconciliation between Aristotelianism and Neoplatonism along with Kalam, Avicennism eventually became the leading school of Islamic philosophy by the 12th century.

The first correct description of the tracheotomy operation for treatment of asphyxiation was described by Ibn Zuhr ( 1091 – 1161 ) in the 12th century.

These included The Canon of Medicine of Avicenna in 1025, and works by Ibn Zuhr ( Avenzoar ) in the 12th century ( and printed in 1491 ), and Ibn Baytar in the 14th century.

Although the permeability of the septum was denied by Michael Servetus in Christianismi Restitutio in 1553 and by Ibn al-Nafis in the 12th century, Colombo was the first to describe an alternative.

* Also, al-Dhahabi described Ibn al-Salah, a prominent 12th century hadith specialist, as: " Firm in his religiosity, salafi in his generality and correct in his denomination.

Cobwork ( tabya ) was used in the Maghreb and al-Andalus in the 11th and 12th centuries and was described in detail by Ibn Khaldun in the 14th century.

Other pharmacopoeia books include that written by Abu-Rayhan Biruni in the 11th century and Ibn Zuhr ( Avenzoar ) in the 12th century ( and printed in 1491 ),, Peter of Spain's Commentary on Isaac, and John of St Amand's Commentary on the Antedotary of Nicholas.

Al-Dinawari described more than 637 plant drugs in the 9th century, in the 12th century Ibn Al -' Awwam described 585 fungi ( 55 associated with fruit trees ), and Ibn Al-Baitar described more than 1, 400 different plants, foods and drugs, over 300 of which were his own original discoveries, in the 13th century.

* Philosophus Autodidactus by Ibn Tufail ( 12th century )

A 17th century Latin translation Philosophus Autodidactus ( published by Edward Pococke ) of the Arabic philosophical novel Hayy ibn Yaqzan by the 12th century Andalusian-Islamic philosopher and novelist Ibn Tufail ( known as " Abubacer " or " Ebn Tophail " in the West ) had an influence on John Locke's formulation of tabula rasa in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding.

The classical 12th century Islamic philosopher, Abubacer ( Ibn Tufail ), wrote a fictional Arabic narrative Philosophus Autodidactus as a response to al-Ghazali's The Incoherence of the Philosophers, and then the 13th century Islamic theologian-philosopher Ibn al-Nafis also wrote a fictional narrative Theologus Autodidactus as a response to Abubacer's Philosophus Autodidactus.