There was keen competition between the two from the introduction of the The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing | Algebra into Europe in the 12th century until its triumph in the 16th.

During the 20th century BC the Indo-European Hittites entered the region and gradually established a great empire which was destroyed by invaders in the 12th century.

The current consensus, based on terminology defined by the Pecos Classification, suggests their emergence around the 12th century BCE, during the archaeologically designated Early Basketmaker II Era.

A novel called Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, based on Avicenna's story, was later written by Ibn Tufail ( Abubacer ) in the 12th century and translated into Latin and English as Philosophus Autodidactus in the 17th and 18th centuries respectively.

These exceptions, introduced with a good object, had grown into a widespread evil by the 12th century, virtually creating an imperium in imperio, and depriving the bishop of all authority over the chief centres of influence in his diocese.

In the 12th century the abbots of Fulda claimed precedence of the archbishop of Cologne.

Although controversial at its time, the 13 principles laid out by the 12th century Spanish Jewish philosopher Maimonides are now considered mostly normative.

Gothic-This style prevailed between the 12th century and the 16th century in Europe.

The modern history of Abensberg, which is often incorrectly compared with that of the 3rd century Roman castra ( military outpost ) of Abusina, begins with Gebhard, who was the first to mention Abensberg as a town, in the middle of the 12th century.

Rebuilt by the emperor Justin I after an earthquake in the 6th century, it became Justinopolis ( 525 ); but the old native name persisted, and when Thoros I, king of Lesser Armenia, made it his capital early in the 12th century, it was known as Anazarva.

They are said to go back at least to the Greek poet Lycophron, in the third century BCE ; but this relies on an account of Lycophron given by John Tzetzes in the 12th century.

In the 12th century eddic prose Gylfaginning Snorri Sturluson relates it as the first of a series of abodes in heaven:

As a theologian Alain de Lille shared in the mystic reaction of the second half of the 12th century against the scholastic philosophy.

Brought back from Sippar to Susa as war prize in the 12th century BC

A popular legend, originating from 12th century chronicles, tells how when he first fled to the Somerset Levels, Alfred was given shelter by a peasant woman who, unaware of his identity, left him to watch some cakes she had left cooking on the fire.

Alger of Liège ( 1055 – 1131 ), known also as Alger of Cluny and Algerus Magister, was a learned clergyman from Liège who lived in the first half of the 12th century.

He was born in the latter part of the 12th century at Bennes, a village between Ollé and Chauffours in the diocese of Chartres.

In 1122 Afonso became fourteen, the adult age in the 12th century.

Dr. Alastair Northedge, a British archaeologist who wrote a book about findings in ' Anah, wrote that the minaret is ' commonly attributed to the Uqaylid ( dynasty ) and the 5th / 11th century ( AH / AD ), though ... more probably of the 6th / 12th century.

According to Jan-Gustaf Ljunggren, in an article in the Swedish journal Läkartidningen ( 1983 ; No 32-33 ), in the 12th century, Zayn al-Din al-Jurjani, another Muslim physician, provided the first description of Graves ' disease after noting the association of goitre and exophthalmos in his Thesaurus of the Shah of Khwarazm, the major medical dictionary of its time.

Other medical innovations first introduced by Muslim physicians include the discovery of the immune system, the use of animal testing, and the combination of medicine with other sciences ( including agriculture, botany, chemistry, and pharmacology ), the first drugstores in Baghdad ( 754 ), the distinction between medicine and pharmacy by the 12th century, and the discovery of at least 2, 000 medicinal and chemical substances.

There is a food store with a post office attached, a state-certified public school providing pre-kindergarten through 12th grade instruction, an outpatient medical clinic with family social services, a maintained Russian Orthodox church, a fishing lodge, and a water purification plant.

In April 2001, after intense public debate and a committee of inquiry lasting eight months, it was announced that ANU was to develop Australia's 12th and the world's 896th medical school.

The Canon was translated into Latin in the 12th century and remained a medical authority in Europe until the 17th century.

Medieval European medicine became more developed during the Renaissance of the 12th century, when many medical texts both on ancient Greek medicine and on Islamic medicine were translated from Arabic during the 12th century.

* 28 May-Richard Belton, medical doctor, member of the 12th Seanad.

The Chandka Medical College is upgraded to a medical university, Shaheed Mohtrama Benazir Bhutto Medical University ( SMBBMU ) on 12th April 2008, due to the Herculean efforts taken by Professor Surgeon Sikandar Ali Shaikh, who was principal of CMC at that time and later became the first Vice Chancellor of the SMBBMU.

* Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College started as the 12th medical college in India.

The Decretum Gratiani or Concordia discordantium canonum ( in some manuscripts Concordantia discordantium canonum ) is a collection of Canon law compiled and written in the 12th century as a legal textbook by the jurist known as Gratian.

In the 12th century CE the Andalusian Muslim philosopher and novelist Abu Bakr Ibn Tufail ( known as " Abubacer " or " Ebn Tophail " in the West ) included the theory of tabula rasa as a thought experiment in his Arabic philosophical novel, Hayy ibn Yaqdhan in which he depicted the development of the mind of a feral child " from a tabula rasa to that of an adult, in complete isolation from society " on a desert island, through experience alone.

Ibn Barun in the 12th century compares the Hebrew language with Arabic in the Islamic grammatical tradition.

In the 12th century, Ibn Barun compared the Hebrew language with Arabic in the Islamic grammatical tradition.

The city, nevertheless, maintained important trade relationships, and housed a relatively flourishing cultural and artistic life: several Arab poets, including Ibn Hamdis, the most important Sicilian poet of the 12th century, flourished in the city.

Averroes ( Ibn Rushd ) introduced teleological arguments into his interpretations of Aristotle from an Islamic perspective in Moorish Spain in the latter half of the 12th Century.

In the 12th century, the Andalusian-Islamic philosopher and novelist Ibn Tufail ( known as " Abubacer " or " Ebn Tophail " in the West ) demonstrated the theory of tabula rasa as a thought experiment through his Arabic philosophical novel, Hayy ibn Yaqzan, in which he depicted the development of the mind of a feral child " from a tabula rasa to that of an adult, in complete isolation from society " on a desert island, through experience alone.

Many attempted to find a proof by contradiction, including Persian mathematicians Ibn al-Haytham ( Alhazen, 11th century ), Omar Khayyám ( 12th century ) and Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī ( 13th century ), and the Italian mathematician Giovanni Girolamo Saccheri ( 18th century ).

The first planetary model without any epicycles was that of Ibn Bajjah ( Avempace ) in 12th century Andalusian Spain, but epicycles were not eliminated in Europe until the 17th century, when Johannes Kepler's model of elliptical orbits gradually replaced Copernicus ' model based on perfect circles.

The first reliable reference to cauliflower is found in the writings of the Arab Muslim scientists Ibn al -' Awwam and Ibn al-Baitar, in the 12th and 13th centuries.

Spinach became a popular vegetable in the Arab Mediterranean and arrived in Spain by the latter part of the 12th century, where the great Arab agronomist Ibn al -' Awwam called it the " captain of leafy greens ".

This period starts with al-Kindi in the 9th century and ends with Averroes ( Ibn Rushd ) at the end of 12th century.

Due to Avicenna's ( Ibn Sina's ) successful reconciliation between Aristotelianism and Neoplatonism along with Kalam, Avicennism eventually became the leading school of Islamic philosophy by the 12th century.

In the 12th century, Ibn Tufail further developed the concept of tabula rasa in his Arabic novel, Hayy ibn Yaqzan, in which he depicted the development of the mind of a feral child " from a tabula rasa to that of an adult, in complete isolation from society " on a desert island.

The first correct description of the tracheotomy operation for treatment of asphyxiation was described by Ibn Zuhr ( 1091 – 1161 ) in the 12th century.

These included The Canon of Medicine of Avicenna in 1025, and works by Ibn Zuhr ( Avenzoar ) in the 12th century ( and printed in 1491 ), and Ibn Baytar in the 14th century.

Although the permeability of the septum was denied by Michael Servetus in Christianismi Restitutio in 1553 and by Ibn al-Nafis in the 12th century, Colombo was the first to describe an alternative.

* Also, al-Dhahabi described Ibn al-Salah, a prominent 12th century hadith specialist, as: " Firm in his religiosity, salafi in his generality and correct in his denomination.

Cobwork ( tabya ) was used in the Maghreb and al-Andalus in the 11th and 12th centuries and was described in detail by Ibn Khaldun in the 14th century.

Other pharmacopoeia books include that written by Abu-Rayhan Biruni in the 11th century and Ibn Zuhr ( Avenzoar ) in the 12th century ( and printed in 1491 ),, Peter of Spain's Commentary on Isaac, and John of St Amand's Commentary on the Antedotary of Nicholas.

Al-Dinawari described more than 637 plant drugs in the 9th century, in the 12th century Ibn Al -' Awwam described 585 fungi ( 55 associated with fruit trees ), and Ibn Al-Baitar described more than 1, 400 different plants, foods and drugs, over 300 of which were his own original discoveries, in the 13th century.