There was keen competition between the two from the introduction of the The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing | Algebra into Europe in the 12th century until its triumph in the 16th.

During the 20th century BC the Indo-European Hittites entered the region and gradually established a great empire which was destroyed by invaders in the 12th century.

The current consensus, based on terminology defined by the Pecos Classification, suggests their emergence around the 12th century BCE, during the archaeologically designated Early Basketmaker II Era.

A novel called Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, based on Avicenna's story, was later written by Ibn Tufail ( Abubacer ) in the 12th century and translated into Latin and English as Philosophus Autodidactus in the 17th and 18th centuries respectively.

These exceptions, introduced with a good object, had grown into a widespread evil by the 12th century, virtually creating an imperium in imperio, and depriving the bishop of all authority over the chief centres of influence in his diocese.

In the 12th century the abbots of Fulda claimed precedence of the archbishop of Cologne.

Although controversial at its time, the 13 principles laid out by the 12th century Spanish Jewish philosopher Maimonides are now considered mostly normative.

Gothic-This style prevailed between the 12th century and the 16th century in Europe.

The modern history of Abensberg, which is often incorrectly compared with that of the 3rd century Roman castra ( military outpost ) of Abusina, begins with Gebhard, who was the first to mention Abensberg as a town, in the middle of the 12th century.

Rebuilt by the emperor Justin I after an earthquake in the 6th century, it became Justinopolis ( 525 ); but the old native name persisted, and when Thoros I, king of Lesser Armenia, made it his capital early in the 12th century, it was known as Anazarva.

They are said to go back at least to the Greek poet Lycophron, in the third century BCE ; but this relies on an account of Lycophron given by John Tzetzes in the 12th century.

In the 12th century eddic prose Gylfaginning Snorri Sturluson relates it as the first of a series of abodes in heaven:

As a theologian Alain de Lille shared in the mystic reaction of the second half of the 12th century against the scholastic philosophy.

Brought back from Sippar to Susa as war prize in the 12th century BC

A popular legend, originating from 12th century chronicles, tells how when he first fled to the Somerset Levels, Alfred was given shelter by a peasant woman who, unaware of his identity, left him to watch some cakes she had left cooking on the fire.

Alger of Liège ( 1055 – 1131 ), known also as Alger of Cluny and Algerus Magister, was a learned clergyman from Liège who lived in the first half of the 12th century.

He was born in the latter part of the 12th century at Bennes, a village between Ollé and Chauffours in the diocese of Chartres.

In 1122 Afonso became fourteen, the adult age in the 12th century.

Dr. Alastair Northedge, a British archaeologist who wrote a book about findings in ' Anah, wrote that the minaret is ' commonly attributed to the Uqaylid ( dynasty ) and the 5th / 11th century ( AH / AD ), though ... more probably of the 6th / 12th century.

Both the Sanhadja Confederation, at its height from the 8th to the 10th century, and the Almoravid Empire, from the 11th to the 12th century, were weakened by internecine warfare, and both succumbed to further invasions from the Ghana Empire and the Almohad Empire, respectively.

Beginning slowly through contacts with Berber and Arab merchants engaged in the important caravan trades and rapidly advancing through the Almoravid conquests, Islamization did not take firm hold until the arrival of Yemeni Arabs in the 12th and 13th centuries and was not complete until several centuries later.

Until the reconquest of Seville by the Christians in 1248, a Mozarab community existed there, though in the course of the 12th century Almoravid persecution had forced many Mozarabs in Al-Andalus to flee northward.

There was a second period when taifas arose, toward the middle of the 12th century, when the Almoravid rulers were in decline.

With the decline of the Chalukya empire, their feudatories, the Hoysalas of Halebidu, Kakatiyas of Warangal, Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri, and a southern branch of the Kalachuri, divided the vast Chalukya empire amongst themselves around the middle of 12th century.

The Angevin continental empire ( in buff and orange ) in the late 12th century

Religious pendant showing Christ blessing, framed with rubies and pearls, from the Byzantine empire, 12th or 13th century

The introduction of Arab scholarship from European relations with the Muslim empire ( in particular Al-Andalus ) renewed interest in Aristotle and Classical thought in general, leading to what some historians call the 12th century renaissance.

Although there are some references to flanged maces ( bardoukion ) as early as the Byzantine empire c. 900 it is commonly accepted that the flanged mace did not become popular in Europe until the 12th century, when it was simultaneously developed in Russia and the Middle East.

This tradition assumes that much of central Mexico was dominated by a " Toltec empire " between the 10th and 12th century CE.

It was one of the most powerful maritime republic in the Mediterranean from the 12th to the 14th century: after the decisive victory in the battle of Meloria ( 1284 ), it acquired control over the Tyrrhenian Sea and was present in the nerve centres of power during the last phase of the Byzantine empire, having colonies up to Black Sea and Crimean.

It became part of the Angevin empire of the Plantagenet Kings of England during the 12th century.

It revealed the history of Roman law, from the breaking up of the empire until the beginning of the 12th century, and showed how, though considered dead, the Roman law lived on in local customs, in towns, in ecclesiastical doctrines and school teachings, until it blossomed out once more in full splendour in Bologna and other Italian cities.

Until the 12th century Speyer was one of the most important mints in the empire.

The many Khmer ruins found in the province show it must have been important to the Khmer empire at least by the 12th century, although probably sparsely populated.

In the 12th century, Hindu-Animist descendants from the late empire of the Sri-Vijayan, Majapahit and Brunei, By the 14th century, Arab traders and their followers venturing into the Malay Archipelago, converted some of these tribal groups into Muslims.

For more than eight centuries the “ Towers of Victory ” monuments to Afghanistan ’ s greatest empire have survived wars and invasions, the two toffee-colored minarets, adorned with terra-cotta tiles were raised in the early 12th century as monuments to the victories of the Afghan armies that built the empire.

By the 12th century, the kingdom included parts of Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, Western Java, Sulawesi, the Moluccas, Borneo and the Philippines, most notably the Sulu Archipelago and the Visayas islands ( and indeed the latter island group, as well as its population, is named after the empire ).

John Donnelly Fage suggests although dates in the early 13th century ( and others say 12th century ) are usually ascribed to this king and the founding of the empire, a more likely scenario is " that the rise of the empire was associated with the growth of Wolof power at the expense of the ancient Sudanese state of Takrur, and that this was essentially a fourteenth-century development.

In the 12th century, the Mongol Genghis Khan was able to unite or conquer the warring tribes, forging them into a fighting force which went on to create the largest contiguous empire in world history.

Presumed portrait of Jayarajadevi, in a representation of Tara ( Buddhist ) | Tara, recognizable to the jina Amitabha in her coiffure, 12th century, Khmer empire, Cambodia.

This empire was established by the brothers Peter and Asen, after it was freed from Byzantine control in the end of the 12th century, and it was subjugated by the Ottomans in the very end of the 14th century.

In the 11th century, this piece of land was conquered by another small empire called Pheng-Kheng before being taken over by the Siamese during 12th century.

Several epistyles of this form have been excavated throughout the empire, none earlier than the 12th century, indicating a change from busts on the architrave to scenic decoration.