In the 1850s Chicago gained national political prominence as the home of Senator Stephen Douglas, the champion of the Kansas-Nebraska Act and " popular sovereignty " approach to the issue of the spread of slavery.

Although the Fresnel lens was invented in 1822, it was not used in the U. S. until the 1850s due to the parsimonious administrator of the United States lighthouse establishment, Stephen Pleasonton.

Stephen Sullivan founded the city in the late 1850s and cleared brush, which facilitated the building of the railway depot there, and the railroad named the town and station after him in 1860.

From 1845, when the first Anglican church was built on the site of the present Community Centre on Stephen Street, by Edmund Blacket, a number of churches were established, including St Joseph's Roman Catholic Church in the 1850s, the Methodist Church on King Street, now Newtown Mission, and the Baptist Church in Church Street.

** " Free labor, wage labor, and the slave power: republicanism and the Republican party in the 1850s ", in Melvyn Stokes and Stephen Conway ( eds ), The Market Revolution in America: Social, Political and Religious Expressions, 1800 – 1880, pp. 128 – 46.

In the 1850s, in the runup to the Civil War, Northern Democrats led by Senator Lewis Cass of Michigan and Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois promoted popular sovereignty as a middle position on the slavery issue.

Stephen H. Williams and Benjamin F. Snow continued the business in the 1850s.

* 1850s Samuel Ealy Johnson, Sr., grandfather of President Lyndon B. Johnson, and his brother Jesse Thomas Johnson, set up a cattle business in Johnson City.

Except for a brief period in the 1850s, he would remain the dominant figure in the ferry until the Civil War, when he sold it to the Staten Island Railway, led by his brother Jacob Vanderbilt.

-† 1871, Chief of the dominant local group and clan of the Carrizo band, during the 1850s and 1860s most prominent Carrizo chief, in 1869 Miguel and his younger brother Diablo initiated relations between Americans and the Cibecue and White Mountain Apaches, which led to the establishment of Fort Apache ( first as Camp Apache in 1870 ).

Holm also has written a series starring Jane Peck, a young woman living in the 1850s ( Boston Jane: An Adventure, Boston Jane: Wilderness Days and Boston Jane: The Claim ); The Creek, a horror thriller ; a series of graphic novels for young adults illustrated by her brother Matthew ( Babymouse: Queen of the World, Babymouse: Our Hero, Babymouse: Beach Babe, Babymouse: Rock Star, Babymouse: Heartbreaker, and Camp Babymouse ); and The Stink Files, a series co-written with her husband Jonathan Hamel starring James Edward Bristlefur, a cat raised by a British secret agent who is adopted by an American family and renamed Mr. Stink after his owner is murdered.

His brother, Enoch Lincoln, was Governor of Maine from 1827 to 1829, and thus they were the first two brothers to be Governors simultaneously ( like John and William Bigler in the 1850s, Nelson and Winthrop Rockefeller in the 1960s & 1970's, and George W. Bush and Jeb Bush from 1999 to 2000.

In the 1850s, the estate was bought by Thomas Henry Allen Poynder, and passed on his death to his brother, William Henry Poynder.

He was first attracted to Joan of Arc in the early 1850s when he found a leaf from a biography of her and asked his brother Henry whether she was real.

Her brother Henry P. Gengembre ( b. 1825 ) was also an artist, active in Cincinnati in the early 1850s.

The suburb was part of land owned by Simeon Pearce ( 1821-86 ) and his brother James Pearce in the 1850s, which extended from Rockdale to Brighton-Le-Sands.

The book, set in Zanzibar during the late 1850s, mentions her involvement with her brother Barghash's failed attempt to take the throne from their brother Majid and her subsequent interest in and marriage to Rudolph.

In 1856, under the direction of Postmaster General James Campbell, Toppan and Carpenter, ( commissioned by the U. S. government to print U. S. postage stamps through the 1850s ) purchased a rotary machine designed to separate stamps, patented in England in 1854 by William and Henry Bemrose, who were printers in Derby, England.

* James Greene Hardy Local politician of the 1850s, was Lt. Gov.

" In the early 1850s, James Scott, a merchant from nearby Sparta, purchased the Lambeth store and renamed it Scott's Tavern.

By the early 1850s, James Packer had moved his family to Lagrange County, Indiana, where he worked as a cabinet maker.

For the Kansas Plains ," a song written by James G. Clark in the 1850s, which mythologized the territory as the site of abolitionist battles during the Bleeding Kansas era.

Markets are held on Tuesday mornings, Friday mornings, and Saturday mornings, in and around the town's Round Market building, which was designed by James Cranston in the 1850s. Photo

The basin was named in the 1850s by and after James Mckenzie ( or in his native ), a shepherd and sheep thief of Scottish origin, who herded his stolen flocks in what was then an area almost totally empty of any human habitation, though Māori previously lived there intermittently.

Hartwell is named after one of the early estates in the area, " Hartwell House ", which was the residence of James Irwin, who owned and operated Irwin's Hotel in the mid 1850s which was located on lot 149a the corner of Norwood Road ( now Toorak Road ) and Wattle Valley Road, subsequently demolished about the time the railway line was built.

The theory gained acceptance only when it was proposed by Rudolf Clausius and James Clerk Maxwell in the 1850s by which time Waterston's contribution had been forgotten.

The newspaper was eventually renamed the Ohio State Journal, and it became the official mouthpiece of the Republican Party in the late 1850s, guided by its editor and proprietor, James M. Comly.

During the 1850s, James Chivas decided to respond to his affluent customers ' demands for a smoother whisky, by beginning to blend whiskies to create a proprietary blend to Chivas Brothers.

The novel sequence was a product of the nineteenth century, with James Fenimore Cooper's works appearing in the 1820s, and Anthony Trollope's Barchester books in the 1850s.

* 1840s, 1850s " Manuscript Collection " by Canon James Goodman

Hearst, Haggin, Tevis and Co., a company started in California in the 1850s and headed by San Francisco lawyer James Ben Ali Haggin with Lloyd Tevis and George Hearst, grew to be the largest private firm of mine-owners in the United States.

John Horden introduced modifications in the 1850s in the James Bay area.

Editor and fellow fire-eater James DeBow was a leader in establishing the Southern Commercial Conventions in the 1850s.

One by one the other great mysteries had been investigated: the coasts by Prince Henry the Navigator's Portuguese sailors in the 15th century ; the Blue Nile by James Bruce in 1773 ; the remote upper Niger by Mungo Park in 1796 ; the vast Sahara by competitors Laing, Callié, and Clapperton in the 1820s ; the fever-ridden mangroves of the lower Niger by the Lander Brothers in 1830 ; southern Africa and the Zambezi by Livingstone and John Clafton in the 1850s ; the upper Nile by Burton, Speke, and Baker in a succession of expeditions between 1857 and 1868.

In the early 1850s, De Quincey prepared the first collected edition of his works for publisher James Hogg.

In the 1850s St James Church school was constructed on the north side of Fortis Green near to the junction with Tetherdown.

McCabe's paternal grandparents settled in Grenfell, New South Wales in the 1850s ; his grandfather Constable Edward James McCabe was an Irish policeman who immigrated to Australia and served in the Victorian Police.

The fast-acting effervescent fruit salts, used as an antacid and reliever of bloatedness, was invented in the 1850s by James Crossley Eno ( 1827-1915 ).

By the 1850s when they first came into sustained contact by outside groups, there were estimated 7, 000 Adamanese, divided into the following major groups:

The barge and canal system contended favorably with the railways in the early industrial revolution prior to around the 1850s – 1960s for example, the Erie Canal in New York State is credited by economic historians with giving the growth boost needed for New York City to eclipse Philadelphia as America's largest port and city but such canal systems with their locks, need for maintenance and dredging, pumps and sanitary issues were eventually outcompeted in the carriage of high-value items by the railways due to the higher speed, falling costs, and route flexibility of Rail transport.

During the 1850s, new plantations were established around the house, and exotic conifers were planted in the grounds.

From around 1840 to 1860, laissez-faire advocates of the Manchester School and writers in The Economist were confident that their early victories would lead to a period of expanding economic and personal liberty and world peace but would face reversals as government intervention and activity continued to expand from the 1850s.

Dutch clippers were built beginning in 1850s for the tea trade and passenger service to Java.

Most clipper cards were printed in the 1850s and 1860s, and represented the first pronounced use of color in American advertising art.

Repeated attempts to open trade were opposed on both commercial and humanitarian grounds, although minor reforms in the 1850s and 60s lowered the prices charged to the natives for " luxuries " like sugar and coffee ; transferred more of the KGH's profits to local communities ; and granted the important Ivigtut cryolite concession to a separate company.

The 1850s were a period of extreme political reaction.

As a result of the early efforts of missionaries, most of the natives of the Fiji Islands were converted to Methodism in the 1840s and 1850s.

Further pressure in the early 1850s from Britain for removing their forces prompted pleas for them to remain as the Militia were deemed insufficient for the purpose.

By the 1850s, it was noticed that the numbers of birds seemed to be decreasing, but still the slaughter continued, accelerating to an even greater level as more railroads were developed after the American Civil War.

Several marriages were contracted with princesses from other Slavic monarchies and other orthodox kingdoms, and even a couple of cadet-line princesses were allowed to marry Russian high noblemen-whereas until 1850s, practically all marriages had been with German princelings.

Horse drawn drays were used to carry the Brewery ’ s ales throughout Kent, and malts were imported by barge at Faversham Creek at its own wharf which was also used as the means to deliver its product to London, until the 1850s when steamboats were beginning to prove more expeditious to the task.

While few naturalists were willing to consider transmutation, Herbert Spencer became an active proponent of Lamarckism and progressive development in the 1850s.

Published in 1878, the novel is set in the 1840s, though horse trams were not introduced in Boston till the 1850s.

Estimates of the number of prostitutes in London in the 1850s vary widely ( in his landmark study, Prostitution, William Acton reported that the police estimated there were 8, 600 in London alone in 1857 ).

The 1850s were marked by several notable assassinations and assassination attempts:

In the early 1850s, several treaties were signed between the U. S. government and the Native Americans involving their relocation onto a reservation in the Sierra foothills ; this promise was broken, of course.

In the 1850s, " cholera and dysentery regularly ripped through communities, its victims often dying from debilitating diarrhoea ," and dropsy, consumption, ague and rheumatism were all too common.

William Russell, Alexander Majors and William Waddell were the three founders of the Pony Express and were already in the freighting business in the late 1850s with more than 4, 000 men, 3, 500 wagons and some 40, 000 oxen.