Esperanto was created in the late 1870s and early 1880s by Dr. Ludwig Lazarus Zamenhof, an ophthalmologist of mixed cultural heritage from Bialystok, then part of the Russian Empire.

As a consequence the Russian Tsar and his military leaders had attempted, since the 1870s, to unite their large, heterogeneous empire, described as a Russian multinational dynastic union.

Although European navigators visited the islands and explored their coastlines thereafter, little was known of the inhabitants by Europeans until the 1870s, when Russian anthropologist Nicholai Miklukho-Maklai made a number of expeditions to New Guinea, spending several years living among native tribes, and described their way of life in a comprehensive treatise.

In the 1870s, a high-placed French heraldist with a limited command of Russian assumed that " babr " was a misspelling of " bobr ", the Russian word for " beaver ", and changed the wording accordingly.

Fort Lytton was established in response to the fear of a Russian invasion in the 1870s and 1880s.

In the 1870s the rapid development of Russian railways, the 1871 opening of the Libava-Kaunas and the 1876 Liepāja-Romny railways ensured that a large proportion of central Russian trade passed through Liepāja.

During the 1870s and 1880s, Abramtsevo hosted a colony of artists who sought to recapture the quality and spirit of medieval Russian art in the manner parallel to the Arts and Crafts movement in Great Britain.

Britain was deeply concerned throughout the 1870s about Russian attempts to increase its influence in Afghanistan, which provided a buffer state between the Russian empire and British India.

Narodnaya Volya, a Russian populist organisation, made extensive use of them in the 1870s.

The conference was especially attractive to recent Mennonite and Amish immigrants to North America and expanded considerably when thousands of Russian Mennonites arrived in North America starting in the 1870s.

From the late 1850s to the early 1870s Serafino Dubois corresponded regularly with French and Russian masters about how to achieve unity in the rules of chess.

This meaning originated with Russian radicals in the 1870s.

The kepi became well known outside France during the Crimean War and was subsequently adopted in various forms by a number of other armies ( including the U. S. and Russian ) during the 1860s and 1870s.

In the 1870s, the Kiev Hromada and the South-Western Branch of the Imperial Russian Geographic Society began to publish important works in Kiev, in Russian, about Ukrainian ethnography.

The town emerged as an important commercial harbor ; however, due to navigational difficulties caused by the sand banks in the Amur estuary and sea ice making the harbor unusable for five months each year, the main center for Russian shipping were transferred to the better situated Vladivostok in the early 1870s.

In order to improve his orchestration and composition skills the young Lysenko traveled to St. Petersburg where he took orchestration lessons from Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov in the mid 1870s, but his fervent Ukrainian national position and disdain for Great Russian autocracy retarded his career.

Russian diplomatic and military interests subsequently returned to Central Asia, where Russia had quelled a series of uprisings in the 1870s, and Russia incorporated hitherto independent emirates into the empire.

In the 1870s the Qing government reversed its policy of prohibiting entry to Manchuria, and began allowing Han Chinese settlers into the territory in response to growing Russian encroachment.

The Narodniks () were a socially-conscious movement of the Russian middle class in the 1860s and 1870s.

A former Tory barrister turned nationalist campaigner, Isaac Butt, established a new moderate nationalist movement, the Home Rule League, in the 1870s.

Mass nationalist mobilisation began when Isaac Butt's Home Rule League ( which had been founded in 1873 but had little following ) adopted social issues in the late 1870s – especially the question of land redistribution.

Beginning in the 1870s, Imperial German officials restricted the usage of languages other than German in Prussia's eastern provinces, due to increasing Slavic nationalist tensions in the region.

The Donghak ( Eastern Learning ) peasant movement, also known as the Donghak Peasant Revolution, that began in the 1870s, could be seen as an early form of what would become the Korean nationalist resistance movement against foreign influences.

In the 1870s a former Conservative barrister turned nationalist campaigner, Isaac Butt, established a new moderate nationalist movement, the Home Rule League.

In the 1870s, Anheuser-Busch became the first American brewery to implement pasteurization, which greatly improved the shelf-life and transportability of its beers.

Although the Portuguese arrived on Cameroon's doorstep in the 16th century, malaria prevented significant European settlement and conquest of the interior until the late 1870s, when large supplies of the malaria suppressant, quinine, became available.

In the late 1860s or early 1870s, Pissarro became fascinated with Japanese prints, which influenced his desire to experiment in new compositions.

The economy of the Falkland Islands, which first involved sealing, whaling and provisioning ships, became heavily dependent on sheep farming from the 1870s to 1980.

However, it only became widely available in the 1870s after the process was modified to produce more uniform quality.

After the 1870s " national romanticism ", as it is more usually called, became a familiar movement in the arts.

Though such laws were instituted shortly after fighting ended in many cases, they only became formalized after the end of Republican-enforced Reconstruction in the 1870s and 80s during a period known as the nadir of American race relations.

One of the major changes in the university came during the 1870s when a greater emphasis became placed upon research.

At first it attempted to present the género grande, but it soon yielded to the taste and economics of the time, and became the " temple " of the more populist género chico in the late 1870s.

Baseball featuring African American players became professionalized by the 1870s.

Barbed wire became common in the American West in the 1870s and in World War I first found wide use in fortifications.

With the post Civil War economy in decline by the 1870s, anti-Chinese animosity became politicized by labor leader Denis Kearney and his Workingman's Party as well as by California Governor John Bigler, both of whom blamed Chinese " coolies " for depressed wage levels.

He became popular with the people when he worked to assist the sick during the cholera plague that swept into northern Italy in the early 1870s.

In the early days, Carlton became particularly strong and having grown a large supporter base became a fierce rival to the Melbourne Football Club in early competition including the Caledonian Challenge Cup, which it dominated in the 1870s.

Non-Indians began moving into the area illegally starting in the mid 1870s, and became the majority by the 1890s.

Edward Stillings grew up near Milford Center and was a graduate of Harvard, and became one of the top jurists in the country, practicing before the United States Supreme Court and helping to form the legal code of Kansas in the 1870s.

Built originally in the early 1870s on land adjoining Rotherhithe Workhouse, it became the infirmary of St Olave's Union in 1875, and was renamed St Olave's Hospital in 1930.

In the late 1870s he was introduced to the photographic motion studies of Eadweard Muybridge, particularly the equine studies, and became interested in using the camera to study sequential movement.

The Carter and Harris families became an important part of the settlement area in the late 1870s.

During the 1870s, the population of McGregor exploded to over 5, 500 as the city became the busiest shipping port west of Chicago.

Mr. Wakefield became interested in logging and real estate and acquired vast tracts of land in the western Upper Peninsula of Michigan in the 1870s and 1880s.

In the middle 1870s, horse drawn cars became available.

In the 1870s a man by the name of Thomas Madden arrived and soon became the businessman of the community.

With the ferry, the Hackensack Plank Road ( a toll road that was a main artery from Weehawken to Hackensack ), and later, the West Shore Railroad, built during the early 1870s, the waterfront became a transportation hub.