Now, although the roots of the mystery story in serious literature go back as far as Balzac, Dickens, and Poe, it was not until the closing decades of the 19th century that the private detective became an established figure in popular fiction.

This Europeanization of the law was made explicit by a number of 19th century scholars.

The Civil War was a significant force in the eventual dominance of the singular usage by the end of the 19th century.

In the zoological sciences, some of his observations were confirmed to be accurate only in the 19th century.

His works contain the earliest known formal study of logic, which was incorporated in the late 19th century into modern formal logic.

With the Prior Analytics, Aristotle is credited with the earliest study of formal logic, and his conception of it was the dominant form of Western logic until 19th century advances in mathematical logic.

The term was originally coined in the 19th century by the founding sociologist and philosopher of science, Auguste Comte, and has become a major topic for psychologists ( especially evolutionary psychology researchers ), evolutionary biologists, and ethologists.

From its beginnings in the early 19th century through the early 20th century, anthropology in the United States was influenced by the presence of Native American societies.

In Greece, there was since the 19th century a science of the folklore called laographia ( laography ), in the form of " a science of the interior ", although theoretically weak ; but the connotation of the field deeply changed after World War II, when a wave of Anglo-American anthropologists introduced a science " of the outside ".

The Apollo Belvedere is a marble sculpture that was rediscovered in the late 15th century ; for centuries it epitomized the ideals of Classical Antiquity for Europeans, from the Renaissance through the 19th century.

Early 19th century.

In the Middle Bronze Age an apparently " alphabetic " system known as the Proto-Sinaitic script is thought by some to have been developed in the Sinai peninsula during the 19th century BC, by Canaanite workers in the Egyptian turquoise mines.

From the 19th century it once again became more and more popular.

Yombe people | Yombe-sculpture, 19th century

Portugal has been present in Angola for 400 years, occupied the territory in the 19th and early 20th century, and ruled over it for about 50 years.

Distinctions in vocabulary persist, for example, in culinary terms, where communication with Germans is frequently difficult, and administrative and legal language, which is due to Austria's exclusion from the development of a German nation-state in the late 19th century and its manifold particular traditions.

Until the late 19th century, the axiom of choice was often used implicitly, although it had not yet been formally stated.

The Iron is a famous 19th century landmark in central Norrköping

The museum can be found in the 19th century building The Iron in the Motala ström river in central Norrköping.

With the beginning of the slow decline of the Ottoman Empire in the early 19th century, and as a result of the expansionist policies of Czarist Russia in the Caucasus, many Muslim nations and groups in that region, mainly Circassians, Tatars, Azeris, Lezgis, Chechens, and several Turkic groups left their ancestral homelands and settled in Anatolia.

Later in the 19th century, other missionaries adapted Evans ' system to other Canadian aboriginal languages.

Charles Dickens was a prominent English author of the 19th century.

Leo Tolstoy was a prominent Russian author of the 19th century.

*" Vincent ", a tribute to the 19th century Dutch painter, Vincent van Gogh.

This cartoon was most likely drawn by Elkanah Tisdale, an early 19th century painter, designer, and engraver who was living in Boston at the time.

Famous visitors to Luxembourg in the 18th and 19th centuries included the German poet Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, the French writers Emile Zola and Victor Hugo, the composer Franz Liszt, and the English painter Joseph Mallord William Turner.

He was declared " the worst painter of the 19th century " by John Ruskin, and one critic even remarked that his paintings were " about worthy enough to adorn bourbon boxes.

Set in the mid through late 19th century, it depicts his friendship with noted painter Paul Cézanne, and his rise to fame through his prolific writing, with particular focus on his involvement in the Dreyfus affair.

* Émile Motte, painter ( 19th century )

* Louis Dewis, painter ( 19th century )

Only at the end of the 19th century did one internationally very important painter, Vincent Van Gogh and some other internationally well-acclaimed artists appear, like the realists Jozef Israëls, Anton Mauve and the more impressionist George Hendrik Breitner living in the Netherlands, and the romanticist Lawrence Alma-Tadema, living in England.

There are both depictions of Indians resident or visiting Britain in the 19th Century and scenes painted in India itself when the painter went there for the purpose.

In October 2011 it was confirmed that a portrait found in the UK in the former collection of the 19th century painter Matthew Shepperson is a previously unknown work by Velázquez.

Woodlore's name is an inside joke-reference to John James Audubon, the famous 19th Century ornithologist / naturalist / painter.

* William Ranney ( 1813 – 57 ), 19th Century Western painter.

George H. Hall, who was a ' genre ' painter, took up residence in Palenville towards the end of the 19th century ; and Terrance J. DePietro, an abstract painter, who was early on influenced by the Hudson River School, maintained residence and a studio from the later part of the 20th century into the 21st.

Archibald M. Willard, painter of the patriotic Spirit of ' 76 painting lived in Wellington during the 19th century.

Mercer is the birthplace of the 19th century painter Samuel Waugh, actor and impresario J C Williamson born here in 1845 ( full name James Cassius Williamson ) as well as musician Trent Reznor, creator of the band Nine Inch Nails, and John Bingham, a drafter of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

While the roots of Sitges ' artsy reputation date back to the late 19th century, when Catalan painter Santiago Rusiñol took up residence there during the summer, the town became a centre for the 1960s counterculture in mainland Spain, then still under the dictatorship of Francisco Franco, and became known as " Ibiza in miniature ".

* Casa Gigli, a mediaeval edifice restored in the 19th century by the Swedish painter Albert Barnekow.

* Piat Sauvage, painter ( 19th century )

* Louis Gallait, painter ( 19th century )

* Antoine Joseph Wiertz, painter ( 19th century )

Albert Anker's work made him Switzerland's most popular genre painter of the 19th century, and his paintings have continued to enjoy a great popularity due to their general accessibility.

Until the late 19th century, a monument to Morelos had been here, but this was removed along with the fountain and replaced by a kiosk that was brought from London and remains to this day The last remodeling of the plaza occurred in the mid 20th century under the direction of architect and painter Juan O ' Gorman.

However, minor improvements have been effected after its first erection during Rama I's reign ; wood-work of the temple was replaced by King Rama III and King Chulalongkorn ; during King Mongkut's reign, the elegant doors and windows and the copper plates on the floor were additions, Rama III refurbished the wall painting ( indicative of the universe according to Buddhist cosmology ) and several frescoes that display the various stages of the Buddha's life ; three chambers were added on the western side by King Mongkut ; in the chamber known as ' Phra Kromanusorn ' at the northern end, images of Buddha have been installed in honour of the kings of Ayudya ; and in the 19th century, In Khong, a famous painter executed the wall murals.