During the 1st century BC the Armenians in what had been Urartu established the powerful Armenian kingdom under Tigran who reigned throughout much of eastern Anatolia between the Caspian, Black Sea and Mediterranean.

Armenia is a landlocked country in the Transcaucasia region, between the Black and Caspian Seas, bordered on the north and east by Georgia and Azerbaijan and on the south and west by Iran and Turkey.

Armenia is located in southern Transcaucasia, the region southwest of Russia between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea.

It is situated between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, bordered on the north and east by Georgia and Azerbaijan and on the south and west by Iran and Turkey.

The Baltic Sea is a brackish inland sea, perhaps the largest body of brackish water in the world ( other possibilities include the Black Sea, Hudson Bay and the Caspian Sea ).

Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally ' divided ' from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways connecting the Black and Aegean Seas.

Europe is now generally defined by geographers as the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, with its boundaries marked by large bodies of water to the north, west and south ; Europe's limits to the far east are usually taken to be the Urals, the Ural River, and the Caspian Sea ; to the south-east, including the Caucasus Mountains, the Black Sea and the waterways connecting the Black Sea to the Mediterranean Sea.

It is developing as the gateway from the Black Sea to the Caucasus and the larger Caspian region, but also serves as a buffer between Russia and Turkey.

A Turkic people, the Khazars, ruled the lower Volga basin steppes between the Caspian and Black Seas through to the 8th century.

In the mid-9th century, they began to venture along the waterways from the eastern Baltic to the Black and Caspian Seas.

Settling in their newly created towns and cities between the Caspian Sea and the Crimean Peninsula on the Black Sea, they became literate and multi-lingual agriculturalists, manufacturers and international traders.

The December 1996 signing of the Caspian Pipeline Consortium agreement to build a new pipeline from western Kazakhstan's Tengiz Field to the Black Sea increases prospects for substantially larger oil exports in several years.

A Turkic people, the Khazars, ruled the lower Volga basin steppes between the Caspian and Black Seas until the 10th century.

Primarily they were Vikings of Scandinavian origin, who ventured along the waterways extending from the eastern Baltic to the Black and Caspian Seas.

Russia has an extensive coastline of over along the Arctic and Pacific Oceans, as well as along the Baltic Sea, Sea of Azov, Black Sea and Caspian Sea.

The city served as a bustling commercial center, as it controlled the Volga-Don portage, which was used by the Rus to cross from the Black Sea to the Volga and thence to the Caspian ; the route was known as the " Khazarian Way ".

Europe is relatively contained from the rest of Eurasia – i. e., Asia to the east – by the Ural Mountains, the Caspian Sea, the Caucasus Mountains, and the Black Sea.

Western Asia is geographically contained from Europe, Asia and Africa, clockwise, by the Caucasus Mountains, the Caspian Sea, the Iranian plateau, the Persian Gulf, the Gulf of Oman, the Arabian Sea, the Gulf of Aden, the Red Sea, the Sinai Peninsula, the Mediterranean Sea, the Aegean Sea, and the Black Sea, and lies largely on the Arabian tectonic plate.

** Alpine Tethys Sea ( c. 175 – 30 Ma ) or Paratethys Sea ( isolated after 34 Ma ); today's Black Sea, Caspian Sea, and Aral Sea are remnants of the Paratethys Sea

** Navigation opens on the Volga-Don Canal, connecting the Caspian Sea basin with that of the Black Sea.

A contemporary Georgian historian extols Tamar as the master of the lands " from the Sea of Pontus is, the Black Sea to the Sea of Gurgan Caspian Sea, from Speri to Derbend, and all the Hither and the Thither Caucasus up to Khazaria and Scythia.

The Caucasus, also Caucas or Caucasia ( for endonyms, see below ), is a geopolitical region at the border of Europe and Asia, and situated between the Black and the Caspian sea.

In the 9th century, Nordic Vikings raided and ravaged the European continent as far as the Black and Caspian Seas.

There, along the east bank of the Southern Bug, opposite the hamlet of Zhitzhakli a few miles north of the Black Sea, he arrived at General Headquarters of the Russian Army.

Potemkin's Army of Ekaterinoslav, totaling, it was claimed, 40,000 regular troops and 6,000 irregulars of the Cossack Corps, had invested Islam's principal stronghold on the north shore of the Black Sea, the fortress town of Oczakov, and was preparing to test the Turk by land and sea.

To Serenissimus such tribes as the Cossacks of the Don or those ex-bandits the Zaporogian Cossacks ( in whose islands along the lower Dnieper the Polish novelist Sienkiewicz would one day place With Fire And Sword ) were just elements for enforced resettlement in, say, Bessarabia, where, as `` the faithful of the Black Sea borders '', he could use their presence as bargaining points in the Czarina's territorial claims against Turkey.

Such is the case with the Black Sea invasion of the natural hybrid Pelophylax esculentus reported in 2010.

It is a peninsula bound by the Black Sea to the north, Georgia to the north-east, the Armenian Highland to the east, Mesopotamia to the south-east, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and the Aegean Sea to the west.

Greek-speaking populations moved to the west coasts and established cities up to the Black Sea.

To the east, the boundaries of the ocean proper are Europe ; the Strait of Gibraltar ( where it connects with the Mediterranean Sea – one of its marginal seas – and, in turn, the Black Sea, both of which also touch upon Asia ) and Africa.

In the north, it is connected to the Marmara Sea and Black Sea by the Dardanelles and Bosporus.

Aegean surface water circulates in a counter-clockwise gyre, with hypersaline Mediterranean water moving northward along the west coast of Turkey, before being displaced by less dense Black Sea outflow.

The dense Mediterranean water sinks below the Black Sea inflow to a depth of, then flows through the Dardanelles Strait and into the Sea of Marmara at velocities of 5 – 15 cm / s.

The Black Sea outflow moves westward along the northern Aegean Sea, then flows southwards along the east coast of Greece.

The physical oceanography of the Aegean Sea is controlled mainly by the regional climate, the fresh water discharge from major rivers draining southeastern Europe, and the seasonal variations in the Black Sea surface water outflow through the Dardanelles Strait.

The region is bounded by the Black Sea to the north, the Mediterranean Sea to the south and the Aegean Sea to the west.

The Sea of Marmara forms a connection between the Black and Aegean Seas through the Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits, and separates Anatolia from Thrace on the European mainland.

Traditionally, Anatolia is considered to extend in the east to a line between the Gulf of Iskenderun and the Black Sea, approximately corresponding to the western two-thirds of the Asian part of Turkey.

The Anatolian peninsula, also called Asia Minor, is bounded by the Black Sea to the north, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, the Aegean Sea to the west, and the Sea of Marmara to the northwest, which separates Anatolia from Thrace in Europe.

In ancient times, the trading and colonising activities of the Greek tribes from the Balkans and Asia Minor spread people of Greek culture, religion and language around the Mediterranean and Black Sea basins, establishing Greek city states in Sicily, southern Italy, northern Libya, eastern Spain, the south of France, and the Black Sea coasts.

The water system near the city passes the watershed basins of the Baltic and Black seas.

** The Eurafrican Mediterranean Sea is also a concentration basin as a whole, but the Black Sea and the Adriatic Sea are dilution basins ( see below ) owing to the Danube, Don, and Dnieper Rivers and the Po River respectively.

* Rutilus frisii ( Black Sea roach, kutum )-Black and Azov Sea basins

In the Black Sea and Sea of Azov along all coasts and fresh waters of their basins.

It is found primarily in the Caspian and Black Sea basins, and occasionally in the Adriatic Sea.

The common rudd Scardinius erythropthalmus is a bentho-pelagic freshwater fish, widely spread in Europe and middle Asia, around the basins of the North, Baltic, Black, Caspian and Aral seas.

South of Piz Bernina the watershed separates the drainage basins of the Danube ( Black Sea ) and the Po River ( Adriatic Sea ).

The region thus is divided between the drainage basins of the Caspian Sea ( the Volga ), the Black Sea ( the Dnieper ), and the Baltic Sea ( the Msta and the Lovat via the Volkhov, the Syas via Lake Ladoga and the Neva, and the Daugava ).

In ancient times, the trading and colonising activities of the Greek tribes from the Balkans and Asia Minor spread people of Greek culture, religion and language around the Mediterranean and Black Sea basins, establishing Greek city states in Sicily, southern Italy, northern Libya, eastern Spain, the south of France, and the Black Sea coasts.

" The creator and soul of the Promethean concept Charaszkiewicz was Marshal Piłsudski, who as early as 1904, in a memorandum to the Japanese government, pointed out the need to employ, in the struggle against Russia, the numerous non-Russian nations that inhabited the basins of the Baltic, Black and Caspian Seas, and emphasized that the Polish nation, by virtue of its history, love of freedom, and uncompromising stance toward three empires that had partitioned Poland out of political existence at the end of the 18th century would, in that struggle, doubtless take a leading place and help work the emancipation of other nations oppressed by Russia.

The peoples of the Black and Caspian Sea basins — Ukraine, Don Cossacks, Kuban, Crimea, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Northern Caucasus — emancipated themselves politically in 1919 – 1921 but then lost their independence to Soviet Russia.

In 1917 – 21, according to Charaszkiewicz, as the nations of the Baltic, Black and Caspian Sea basins were freeing themselves from Russia's tutelage, Poland was the only country that worked actively together with those peoples.

Immediately after the loss of independence by the peoples of the Black and Caspian Sea basins and the annexation of those lands in 1921 by Soviet Russia, Poland was the only country in Europe that gave material and moral support to the political aspirations of their Promethean ( pro-independence ) émigrés.

The purpose of the Promethean enterprise was to liberate from imperialist Russia, of whatever political stripe, the peoples of the Baltic, Black and Caspian Sea basins and to create a series of independent states as a common defensive front against Russian aggression.

The states of the Black and Caspian Sea basins, however, lost their independence, being absorbed by the Soviets.

It is found in the Black Sea and Sea of Azov and rivers of its basins: Danube, Dniester, Dnieper, Southern Bug, Don, Kuban.

The Main European Watershed is the drainage divide which separates the basins of the major rivers that empty into the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea and the Baltic Sea from those that feed the Mediterranean Sea, the Adriatic Sea and the Black Sea.

An area of 1, 200 meters is accessible from the Danube to the Black Sea, and basins of Central and Eastern Europe.