Later, in the fourth century AD Amasus became the see of a Christian bishop and continued to flourish until the Byzantine period.

It remained in Byzantine hands during the period of crisis in the 7th – 8th centuries, when most of the Balkans and the Greek mainland were overrun by Slavic invasions.

Traditionally, Bursa was famous for being the largest center of silk trade in the Byzantine and later the Ottoman empires, during the period of the lucrative Silk Road.

The Dardanelles were vital to the defence of Constantinople during the Byzantine period.

Many of these trivial errors occurred in the Byzantine period, following a change in script from uncial to minuscule, and many were ' homophonic ' errors, when scribes accidentally substituted homophones for words in the textequivalent in English to substituting ' right ' for ' write ', except that there were more opportunities for Byzantine scribes to make these errors because the Greek letters η, ι, οι and ει were pronounced similarly in the Byzantine period.

It contains epigrams ranging from the Hellenistic period through the Imperial period and Late Antiquity into the compiler's own Byzantine eraa thousand years of short elegiac texts on every topic under the sun.

Byzantine period emperors also used the Greek word " autokrator ", meaning " one who rules himself ," or " monarch ," which was traditionally used by Greek writers to translate the Latin dictator.

* Modern Greek: Stemming from Medieval Greek, Modern Greek usages can be traced in the Byzantine period, as early as the 11th century.

Some dishes may be pre-Ottoman, only taking Turkish names later ; Ash and Dalby, for example, speculate that grape-leaf dolmathes were made by the early Byzantine period.

The Sampo has been interpreted in many ways: a world pillar or world tree, a compass or astrolabe, a chest containing a treasure, a Byzantine coin die, a decorated Vendel period shield, a Christian relic, etc.

It was only in the Comnenian period ( 1081 – 1185 ) that the cult of the icon became widespread in the Byzantine world, partly on account of the dearth of richer materials ( such as mosaics, ivory, and enamels ), but also because an iconostasis a special screen for icons was introduced then in ecclesiastical practice.

* The Eastern Orthodox Church had a period of Byzantine iconoclasm during the late medieval years, in which some groups destroyed the church's religious imagery.

At this period the area divided from the Jireček Line was populated from people of Thraco-Roman or Illyro-Roman origins, as well from Hellenized citizens of the Byzantine Empire and Byzantine Greeks.

By the end of the Byzantine period, it had been almost totally destroyed ; when Ciriaco de ' Pizzicolli ( Cyriacus of Ancona ) visited Athens in 1436 he found only 21 of the original 104 columns still standing.

Historically, Samaritans were a large community — up to more than a million in late Roman times, but were then gradually reduced to several tens of thousands a few centuries ago — their unprecedented demographic shrinkage has been a result of various historical events, including, most notably, the bloody suppression of the Third Samaritan Revolt ( 529 CE ) against the Byzantine Christian rulers, and mass conversion to Islam in the Early Muslim period of Palestine.

During the Byzantine period, when the great earthquake of AD 551 destroyed most of the cities of Phoenicia, Beirut's School of Law took refuge in Sidon.

After a period of Vandal rule, Syracuse and the island was recovered by Belisarius for the Byzantine Empire ( 31 December 535 ).

* Anthony Kaldellis, " Michael Choniates: a classicist-bishop and his cathedral ( 1182 – 1205 AD )," in Idem, The Christian Parthenon: Classicism and Pilgrimage in Byzantine Athens ( Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2009 ), 145-162.

A little later the district attorney woke up, emerged from under the couch, looked at his watch, and realized he had an engagement that very hour to address a meeting of the Culture Forum on `` The Civic Spirit of the Southland '', in the Byzantine room of the hotel where his wife, as president of the forum, was to preside.

Konstantinos Porphyrogennetos, the fourth emperor of the Macedonian dynasty of the Byzantine Empire in the 9th century AD, referred to Asia Minor as East thema, " ανατολικόν θέμα " ( from the Greek words anatoli: east, thema: administrative division ), placing this region to the East of Byzantium, while Europe was lying to the West.

The Aegean Sea was later invaded by the Persians and the Romans, and inhabited by the Byzantine Empire, the Bulgarians, the Venetians, the Genoeses, the Seljuq Turks, and the Ottoman Empire.

In the Byzantine Empire, Anatolikon called also Theme of the Anatolics ( ανατολικόν θέμα ) was a theme covering the western and central parts of Turkey's present-day Central Anatolian Region.

In the Byzantine Empire, Anatolikon called also Theme of the Anatolics ( ανατολικόν θέμα ) was a theme covering the western and central parts of Turkey's present-day Central Anatolian Region.

Byzantine control was challenged by Arab raids starting in the 7th century ( see Byzantine – Arab Wars ), but in the 9th and 10th century a resurgent Byzantine Empire regained its lost territories and even expanded beyond its traditional borders, into Armenia and Syria ( ancient Aram ).

Control of Anatolia was then split between the Byzantine Empire and the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm, with the Byzantine holdings gradually being reduced.

Among the Turkmen leaders the Ottomans emerged as great power under Osman and his son Orhan I. Smyrna was conquered in 1330 AD, and the last Byzantine possession, Philadélphia ( modern Alaşehir ), fell in 1390 AD.

The family was Byzantine Catholic and attended St. John Chrysostom Byzantine Catholic Church.

While the Byzantine Empire was to continue for nearly another four centuries, and the Crusades would contest the issue for some time, the victory at Manzikert signalled the beginning of Turkish ascendancy in Anatolia.

There also is no mention of Troy, which was not far from Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine empire and militarily beyond the reach of the Vikings.

Carved in high relief from a single piece of agate, this extraordinary vase was most likely created in an imperial workshop for a Byzantine emperor.

Like his father, Alboin was raised a pagan, although Audoin had at one point attempted to gain Byzantine support against his neighbours by professing himself a Catholic.

The new Frankish alliance was important because of the Franks ' known hostility to the Byzantine empire, providing the Lombards with more than one option.

Many fragments were supplied in quotes by Athenaeus, principally on the subject of wine-drinking, but fr. 333, " wine, window into a man ", was quoted much later by the Byzantine grammarian, John Tzetzes.

Alexios I Komnenos, Latinized as Alexius I Comnenus (, 1056 – 15 August 1118 — note that some sources list his date of birth as 1048 ), was Byzantine emperor from 1081 to 1118, and although he was not the founder of the Komnenian dynasty, it was during his reign that the Komnenos family came to full power.

Inheriting a collapsing empire and faced with constant warfare during his reign against both the Seljuq Turks in Asia Minor and the Normans in the western Balkans, Alexios was able to halt the Byzantine decline and begin the military, financial, and territorial recovery known as the Komnenian restoration.

While the Byzantine troops were assembling for the expedition, Alexios was approached by the Doukas faction at court, who convinced him to join a conspiracy against Nikephoros III.

Henry's allegiance was to be the last example of Byzantine political control on peninsular Italy.

They quarrelled with Michael IX, and eventually turned on their Byzantine employers after the murder of Roger de Flor in 1305, devastating Thrace, Macedonia, and Thessaly on their road to Latin Greece.

Later, however, her daughter-in-law, the Byzantine princess Theophano, turned her husband Otto II against his mother, and she was driven from court in 978 ; she lived partly in Italy, and partly with her brother Conrad, king of Burgundy, by whose mediation she was ultimately reconciled to her son ; in 983 Otto appointed her as his viceroy in Italy.

" With his death, the Byzantine Empire turned its attention from Rome and the West to pressing problems in the Balkans, from the Avars, Persians and the Arabs.

A great deal of destruction was done to the tombs over the centuries by quarrying and by their conversion for use as housing, both by monks in the Byzantine period, when some were used as churches, and later by Muslim villagers: " When the Arab village was built ; tombs were destroyed, incorporated in houses or turned into water cisterns and sewage dumps.

In 967 he made peace with the Fatimids of Kairawan and turned to defend himself against their common enemy, Otto I, who had proclaimed himself Western emperor and attacked the Byzantine possessions in Italy ; but after some initial successes his generals were defeated and driven back to the southern coast.

The Byzantine army was turned to flight and the Emperor's position was seriously weakened.

It is an abbey turned into a museum, with a notable Gothic-Norman portico and a Byzantine icon which, according to the tradition, was painted by St. Luke himself.

Thereafter the Almogavars turned to violence, making their presence intolerable to the Byzantine population.

The war turned again when Byzantine commander Maurice entered the field and captured many Sassanian settlements.

These books run from the rule of the tyrant Clearchus ( c. 364 – 353 BC ) to the later years of Julius Caesar ( c. 40 BC ) and contain many colorful accounts including the Byzantine introduction of the barbarian Gauls into Asia where they first allied themselves with the Heracleans and later turned violently against them.

His remains were removed during Byzantine rule, when the mausoleum was turned into a Christian oratory.

Alexius I Comnenus, the Byzantine emperor, was on his way to assist the Crusaders, but turned back when he heard the city had already been retaken.

However, the city fell to a far different foe in 1453 — the Muslim Turk — and this fall of Constantinople marked the nadir of Byzantine civilization ; the city was comprehensively sacked and looted ; the Hagia Sophia was turned into a mosque.

Compared with the military success of his father's reign, Petar has been traditionally considered a weak ruler, who lost lands and prestige, allowed his military forces to decline while his country was ravaged by foreign invaders, and turned Bulgaria into a Byzantine satellite governed by Byzantine agents in the persons of his empress and her retinue.

The popes, thoroughly irritated and alarmed, and hopeless of aid from the Byzantine Emperor, turned to the Carolingian mayors of the palace of Austrasia, the effective rulers of the Frankish kingdom.

The Tide of Victory begins the third phase of the war against the Malwa, with Belisarius appointed commander of a combined Byzantine / Persian army to invade India while Axum and the Kushans ( a tribe turned against the Malwa in the subterfuges of Fortune's Stroke ) carry out operations north and south of him.

According to the late Byzantine Patria of Constantinople, ancient Byzantium was enclosed by a small wall, which began on the northern edge of the acropolis, extended west to the Tower of Eugenios, then went south and west towards the Strategion and the Baths of Achilles, continued south to the area known in Byzantine times as Chalkoprateia, and then turned, in the area of the Hagia Sophia, in a loop towards the northeast, crossed the regions known as Topoi and Arcadianae and reached the sea at the later quarter of Mangana.

Another large site is that of Sant ' Andrea Priu at Bonorva, including 18 chambers: during the late Roman and Byzantine dominations it was turned into a cave church.

Emperor Andronikos III ( Andronicus III ) purportedly gave his illegitimate daughter in marriage to Öz Beg but relations turned sour at the end of Andonicus's reign, and the Mongols mounted raids on Thrace between 1320 to 1324 until the Byzantine port of Vicina Macaria was occupied by the Mongols.

Philippide, Originea românilor (" Origin of the Romanians "), I, Iaşi, 1925: „ Armata, dacă a înţeles rău cuvântul torna, ca şi cum ar fi fost vorba că trebuie să se întoarcă cineva să fugă, l-a înţeles ca un cuvânt din limba ţării, din limba locului, căci doar Theophylactos spune lămurit că « toţi strigau cât îi ţinea gura şi se îndemnau unul pe altul să se întoarcă, răcnind cu mare tulburare în limba ţării: retorna »” (" The army, if it understood badly the word torna, which also could have been the word that turned back someone who ran away, understood it as a word of the language of the country, of the language of the place, because only Theophylactos says clearly that ' everyone shouted it from mouth to mouth the gave one another the impetus to turn around, yelling with great concern in the language of the country: turn back < nowiki >'</ nowiki >")</ ref > as by the year 600, the bulk of the Byzantine army was raised from barbarian mercenaries and the Romanic population of the Balkan Peninsula.

He afterward turned his energies towards his traditional Byzantine enemies, leading to the Byzantine-Sassanid War of 602 – 628.

After the decline of the Roman Empire, the town turned out to be located at the northern border of the Byzantine Empire.