This has an interesting consequence because treaties that limit or extend the powers of the Dutch government are automatically considered a part of their constitutional law, for example, the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

The Directors then used a sleight of hand that unfortunately would grow familiar in the Dutch constitutional politics of the successor states also:

The Christian-democrat parties allowed manhood suffrage in exchange for a complete constitutional equality in state funding between public and denominational schools, ending the bitter Dutch School Wars which had antagonised Dutch society for three generations.

Some of the most basic fundamental laws in the Dutch constitutional system are not explicitly expressed in the written Constitution.

Dutch constitutional doctrine holds that the King and ministers together form the government and this indivisibly, so that the King in any of his public acts always acting under ministerial responsibility is not the Head of Government, but embodies it fully.

In the Dutch constitutional system there is no decisive referendum, although sometimes consultative referenda are held, like the one in 2005 in which the people advised to reject the European Constitution ; the Dutch people is thus not a direct lawgiver.

In 1962, in line with constitutional reforms governing official language use, the French and Dutch sections of the university became autonomous within a common governing structure.

The origins of the split between Amsterdam as capital city and The Hague as seat of government lay in the peculiar Dutch constitutional history.

However the main problem was the constitutional question of whether someone who could not speak Dutch could become mayor of a Flemish municipality.

* Netherlands: Amsterdam is the constitutional national capital even though the Dutch government, parliament, supreme court, and the residential and work palace of the queen are all located in The Hague.

As a result of the constitutional review of 1983, the position of Prime Minister was inscribed into the Dutch constitution for the first time.

For the first time since the declaration of independence from Spain in 1581, the Dutch were reunited with the Southern Netherlands in a constitutional monarchy, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.

In 1948 parliamentary elections were again required for a constitutional renewal, which was thought necessary to solve the problems emerging in the Dutch East Indies, where the nationalists Sukarno and Hatta had proclaimed the independence of their country immediately after the Japanese surrender.

The earliest forms of constitutional development can be seen in late medieval Germany ( see Communalism before 1800 ) and in the Dutch and English revolts of the 16th and 17th centuries.

Among their provisions were that Dutch sovereignty would continue until transferred to the United States of Indonesia, or which the Republic of Indonesia ; fair representation for each component of the provisional federal state in its government ; a referendum within six months to ask people if they wanted their region to the Republic of Indonesia or the United States of Indonesia and a constitutional convention to draw up constitution.

( In the 1970s Ruelle and the Dutch mathematician Floris Takens produced a new model for turbulence, and it was Ruelle who invented the concept of a strange attractor in a dynamical system.

So they decided to designed a TRS-80 and CP / M software compatible computer system, which ( following the lead of Apple Computer ) they decided to name after a " typical Dutch flower ".

Essentially, every country that was colonised at some time by England, Great Britain, or the United Kingdom uses common law except those that were formerly colonised by other nations, such as Quebec ( which follows the law of France in part ), South Africa and Sri Lanka ( which follow Roman Dutch law ), where the prior civil law system was retained to respect the civil rights of the local colonists.

Roman Dutch Commons law is a bijuridical or mixed system of law similar to the common law system in Scotland and Louisiana.

According to Dutch legal experts Crombag, Wagenaar, van Koppen, the Dutch system contravenes the provisions of the European Human Rights convention, in the imbalance between the power of the prosecution service and the defence.

The Dutch in New York, for example, used the patronymic system of names until 1687 when the advent of English rule mandated surname usage.

A 2008 article in the journal Health Affairs suggested that the Dutch health system, which combines mandatory universal coverage with competing private health plans, could serve as a model for reform in the US.

It was not until the sixteenth century when the Dutch colonized Indonesia, constructing a more elaborate communication system, both within Indonesia and to other countries.

It is the lowest title within the nobility system and ranks below that of " Baron " but above " Jonkheer " ( the latter is not a title, but a Dutch honorific to show that someone belongs to the untitled nobility ).

This was a time of bewildering changes to the Dutch system of provinces.

Other companies, like the French East India Company and the Danish East India Company also started to make inroads on the Dutch system.

He feared Muslims would try to replace the Dutch legal system with the shari ' a law.

During the first Atlantic system most of these traders were Portuguese, giving them a near-monopoly during the era, although some Dutch, English, and French traders also participated in the slave trade.

The Second Atlantic system was the trade of enslaved Africans by mostly British, Portuguese, French and Dutch traders.

Besides, as the Dutch tax system was heavily skewed toward highly regressive indirect taxes, which inordinately burdened the impoverished population, he wanted to change this to a system that depended more on direct ( income and wealth ) taxes.

Gogel's General Taxation Plan was finally enacted in June, 1805 ; a first government-approved attempt at unification of the Dutch spelling was made ; an embryonic Department of Agriculture and Department of Hydraulics were formed, to foreshadow the later government departments ; even a Pharmacopeia Batavia started the regulation of drugs ; and the School Law of 1806 organized a national system of public elementary education.

Most importantly perhaps, the local-government law of July, 1805, founded the first Dutch system of public administration.

They literally form the foundation of the whole Dutch system of local government ; from time immemorial they have shouldered the responsibility for water management for the residents of their area.

There is some indication that many of the younger members of Sirayan society embraced the Dutch marriage customs as a means to circumvent the age-grade system in a push for greater village power.

Dutch influence was far more significant: expanding to the southwest and north of the island, they set up a tax system and established schools and churches in many villages.

Dutch traders set up a small trading system of beaver pelts with the local inhabitants, but trade was sporadic and the Dutch did not settle permanently in the area.

The Spanish in Florida originally introduced sheep to the New World, but this development never quite reached the North, and there they were introduced by the Dutch and English.

But there is disagreement about who started rapping in Dutch between Blonnie B, Alex and the CityCrew, Dynamic Rockers, Def Rhymes and Osdorp Posse.

But if the Frisian names Akkrum, Akkeringa and Dutch name Akkerghem, are derived from the personal name Akker there may be a corresponding Old English name from which Accrington may be derived.

The architectural style is a mixture of Victorian Gothic, Tudor and Dutch Baroque and was the subject of much bemused comment from those who worked there, or visited, during World War II.

Marlborough, realising the only way to ignore Dutch wishes was by the use of secrecy and guile, set out to deceive his Dutch allies by pretending to simply move his troops to the Moselle – a plan approved of by The Hague – but once there, he would slip the Dutch leash and link up with Austrian forces in southern Germany.

But when I come there, to write to the Dutch States that I think it absolutely necessary for the saving of the Empire to march with the troops under my command and to join with those that are in Germany ... in order to make measures with Prince Lewis of Baden for the speedy reduction of the Elector of Bavaria.

In fact, there are non-Bayesian updating rules that also avoid Dutch books ( as discussed in the literature on " probability kinematics " following the publication of Richard C. Jeffrey's rule, which is itself regarded as Bayesian ).

It was custom-built there by the Dutch shipbuilding company, Damen Group.

In Belgium, where there are separate Dutch speaking and French speaking parties for each political grouping, coalition cabinets of up to six parties are quite common.

Note also that the terms are not always treated as mutually exclusive ; there is not necessarily anything contradictory in the statement that " the language of the Pennsylvania Dutch is a dialect of German ".

Since English, German and Dutch have many of the same etymological origins, there actually are a great number of words in both languages that are very similar and do have the same meaning ( e. g. word / Wort / woord, book / Buch / boek, house / Haus / huis, water / Wasser / water ...).

A study in the Netherlands found that children to non-Western immigrants had improvements for g, educational achievements, and work proficiency compared to their parents although there were still remaining differences to ethnic Dutch.

In the Dutch Golden Age, which had its zenith in 1667, there was a remarkable flowering of trade, industry ( especially shipbuilding ), the arts ( especially painting ) and the sciences.

There was also a conflict with Indonesia, which ended with the Dutch withdrawing completely from their former colonies there in 1961.

Called " factories " ( because the " factor ," i. e., a person acting as a mercantile agent did business from there ), these posts operated in the manner of the Dutch fur trading operations in New Netherland.

It was imported into the geographic region of the lowlands between King's Lynn ( then Bishop's Lynn ) and the Isle of Ely by Dutch settlers arriving there to reclaim tidelands of the Wash as rutabaga fields.

During the first 80 years the French and Acadians were in Nova Scotia, there were nine significant battles as the English and Scottish ( later British ), Dutch and French fought for possession of the colony.

While most Namibian Christians are Lutheran, there also are Roman Catholic, Methodist, Anglican, African Methodist Episcopal, and Dutch Reformed Christians represented.

As part of the Counter Reformation, there were attempts to " re-Romanize " the Dutch Church.

In the federal ( bicameral ) kingdom of Belgium, there is a curious asymmetrical constellation serving as directly elected legislatures for three " territorial " regions — Flanders ( Dutch ), Brussels ( bilingual, certain peculiarities of competence, also the only region not comprising any of the 10 provinces ) and Wallonia ( French )— and three cultural communities — Flemish ( Dutch, competent in Flanders and for the Dutch-speaking inhabitants of Brussels ), Francophone ( French, for Wallonia and for Francophones in Brussels ) and German ( for speakers of that language in a few designated municipalities in the east of the Walloon Region, living alongside Francophones but under two different regimes )

In South African law ( which is modelled on Roman Dutch Law ), there is no doctrine of res ipsa loquitur, although the phrase is used regularly to mean the " facts speak for themselves.

However, both the location of the island and its name were quoted in a Dutch book in 1508, which described a 1505 Portuguese expedition led by Francisco de Almeida from the East Indies: " n the twenty-first day of July we saw land, and it was an island lyng six hundred and fifty miles from the Cape, and called Saint Helena, howbeit we could not land there.