The Catholic Church does recognise as valid ( though illicit ) ordinations done by breakaway Catholic, Old Catholic or Oriental bishops, and groups descended from them ; it also regards as both valid and licit those ordinations done by bishops of the Eastern churches, so long as those receiving the ordination conform to other canonical requirements ( for example, is an adult male ) and an orthodox rite of episcopal ordination, expressing the proper functions and sacramental status of a bishop, is used ; this has given rise to the phenomenon of episcopi vagantes ( for example, clergy of the Independent Catholic groups which claim apostolic succession, though this claim is rejected by both Orthodoxy and Catholicism ).

In the Roman Catholic ( Latin: sacri ordines ), Eastern Catholic, Eastern Orthodox ( ιερωσύνη, ιεράτευμα, Священство ), Oriental Orthodox, Anglican, Assyrian, Old Catholic, Independent Catholic churches and some Lutheran churches Holy Orders comprise the three orders of bishop, priest and deacon, or the sacrament or rite by which candidates are ordained to those orders.

In Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine and Syria, Palm Sunday – known as Shaa ' nineh in Arabic-is perhaps the best-attended service in the Christian Calendar, among the Orthodox, Catholic ( Latin rite and Eastern rite ), Maronite and Anglican Churches, perhaps because it is notably a family occasion.

" The Eastern Orthodox understanding of conversion is illustrated in the rite of baptism, in which the convert faces west while publicly renouncing and symbolically spitting upon Satan, and then turns to the east to worship Christ " as king and God ".< ref >

As in the other Eastern churches, married men may become priests, and parish priests administer the mystery of confirmation to newborn infants immediately after baptism, via the rite of chrismation ; the infants are then administered Holy Communion.

For the Paschal triple-candle used in Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic Churches of the Byzantine rite see Paschal trikirion.

* Byzantine Rite, an ecclesial rite in the Eastern Catholic Churches and the Eastern Orthodox Church

Especially the role of the noble founders of Eastern Christian rite was decisive in the formation of a regional character among the local wooden churches.

To the east of Europe lay the Byzantine Empire, composed of Christians who had long followed a separate Orthodox rite ; the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches had been in schism since 1054.

Though he is not widely venerated in the Roman Catholic Church, he is recognised as a saint and liturgically commemorated by the Eastern Catholic Churches of the Byzantine rite, which are in communion with Rome.

" This liturgical day is followed for all days in the Eastern rite and the custom of beginning Christmas celebration ( as well as Sunday and the other major festivals ) in the preceding evening is preserved in western Churches that have altered the liturgical day to start at midnight, for example the Roman Catholic Church.

Some Eastern Churches of the Western rite may provide still other different lists of Saint Valentines.

According to the Second Vatican Council these Eastern Churches, along with the larger Latin Church share " equal dignity, so that none of them is superior to the others as regards rite, and they enjoy the same rights and are under the same obligations, also in respect of preaching the Gospel to the whole world ( cf.

In the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches ( published in 1990 ), the terms autonomous Church and rite are thus defined: " A group of Christian faithful linked in accordance with the law by a hierarchy and expressly or tacitly recognized by the supreme authority of the Church as autonomous is in this Code called an autonomous Church " ( canon 27 ); " 1.

The rites treated in this code, unless otherwise stated, are those that arise from the Alexandrian, Antiochene, Armenian, Chaldean and Constantinopolitan traditions " ( canon 28 ) When speaking of the Eastern Catholic Churches, the 1983 Latin Code of Canon Law uses the terms " ritual Church " or " ritual Church sui iuris " ( canons 111 and 112 ), and also speaks of " a subject of an Eastern rite " ( canon 1015 § 2 ), " Ordinaries of another rite " ( canon 450 § 1 ), " the faithful of a specific rite " ( canon 476 ), etc.

Nevertheless, it remained one of the most splendid churches of the Eastern Empire, where the Byzantine Emperors were crowned.

Some Eastern Orthodox Churches have issued statements to the effect that Anglican orders could be accepted, yet have still reordained former Anglican clergy ; other Orthodox churches have rejected Anglican orders altogether.

Like the Roman Catholic Church, these ancient Eastern churches may use the doctrine of apostolic succession in ministry in their apologetics against Protestantism.

Some Protestants feel that such claims of apostolic succession are proven false by the differences in traditions and doctrines between these churches: Roman Catholics and Eastern Orthodox consider both the Church of the East and the Oriental Orthodox churches to be heretical, having been anathematized in the early ecumenical councils of Ephesus ( 431 ) and Chalcedon ( 451 ) respectively.

Present-day Christian religious bodies known for conducting their worship services without musical accompaniment include some Presbyterian churches devoted to the regulative principle of worship, Old Regular Baptists, Primitive Baptists, Plymouth Brethren, Churches of Christ, the Old German Baptist Brethren, the Eastern Orthodox Christian Church and the Amish, Old Order Mennonites and Conservative Mennonites.

He is venerated by the Roman Catholic Church, Oriental and Eastern Orthodox churches, the Lutherans, and the Anglican Communion.

The following is a troparion ( hymn ) to St Athanasius sung in some Eastern Orthodox churches.

He is celebrated in many churches on his feast days: 30 January in the Old-Calendar Eastern Orthodox Church and the Coptic Orthodox Church ; 17 January in the New-Calendar Eastern Orthodox Church, the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, the Roman Catholic Church and the Coptic Catholic Church.

The Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox and Eastern Catholic churches may have minor differences in their lists of accepted books.

The list given here for these churches is the most inclusive: if at least one Eastern church accepts the book it is included here.

In the Eastern churches, latifundia entailed to a bishop's see were much less common, the state power did not collapse the way it did in the West, and thus the tendency of bishops acquiring secular power was much weaker than in the West.

The traditional role of a bishop is as pastor of a diocese ( also called a bishopric, synod, eparchy or see ), and so to serve as a " diocesan bishop ," or " eparch " as it is called in many Eastern Christian churches.

; Catholicos: Catholicoi are the heads of some of the Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, and Eastern Rite Catholic sui iuris churches ( notably the Armenian ), roughly similar to a Patriarch ( see above ).

In the Latin Rite, metropolitans are always archbishops ; in many Eastern churches, the title is " metropolitan ," with some of these churches using " archbishop " as a separate office.

; Chorbishop: A chorbishop is an official of a diocese in some Eastern Christian churches.

Most Eastern Orthodox churches allow varying amounts of formalised laity and / or lower clergy influence on the choice of bishops.

This also applies in those Eastern churches which are in union with the pope, though it is required that he give assent.

There is a mutual recognition of the validity of orders amongst Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Old Catholic, Oriental Orthodox and Assyrian Nestorian churches.

The Nicene Creed is " accepted as authoritative by the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Anglican, and major Protestant churches.

A valid American driving license is accepted in all countries except Portugal, Spain, Yugoslavia and Eastern Europe.

The Aramaic alphabet is historically significant, since virtually all modern Middle Eastern writing systems use a script that can be traced back to it, as well as numerous non-Chinese writing systems of Central and East Asia.

Trinitarianism remained the dominant doctrine in all major branches of the Eastern and Western Church and later within Protestantism until modern times.

Saint Alcuin ( Alcuin of York ) is considered as a saint by all the main branches of Christianity: Roman Catholic, Anglican and Eastern Orthodox Churches.

Eastern Orthodox bishops, along with all other members of the clergy, are canonically forbidden to hold political office.

While most patriarchs in the Eastern Catholic Churches have jurisdiction over a " ritual church " ( a group or diocese of a particular Eastern tradition ), all Latin Rite patriarchs, except for the Pope, have only honorary titles.

This rule obtains in most Eastern dialects, although some have " ya ", or a special " open e " sound, in all positions.

However, it has not incorporated the general Eastern umlaut of all synchronic or even historic " ya " sounds into " e " before front vowels – e. g. поляна ( polyana ) vs полени ( poleni ) " meadow – meadows " or even жаба ( zhaba ) vs жеби ( zhebi ) " frog – frogs ", even though it co-occurs with the yat alternation in almost all Eastern dialects that have it ( except a few dialects along the yat border, e. g. in the Pleven region ).

The Eastern Orthodox Church uses the Septuagint version of Esther, as it does for all of the Old Testament.

Instead, from 1 January 1923, almost all the remaining companies were grouped into the " big four ", the Great Western Railway, the London and North Eastern Railway, the London, Midland and Scottish Railway and the Southern Railway companies ( there were also a number of other joint railways such as the Midland and Great Northern Joint Railway and the Cheshire Lines Committee as well as special joint railways such as the Forth Bridge Railway, Ryde Pier Railway and at one time the East London Railway ).

Among the Baltic peoples are modern Lithuanians, Latvians ( including Latgalians ) — all Eastern Balts — as well as the Prussians, Yotvingians and Galindians — the Western Balts — whose languages and cultures are now extinct.

In a June 5, 1947 speech, comporting with the Truman Doctrine, Marshall announced a comprehensive program of American assistance to all European countries wanting to participate, including the Soviet Union and those of Eastern Europe, called the Marshall Plan.

A vehement campaign against " Titoism " was immediately started in the Eastern Bloc, describing agents of both the West and Tito in all places engaging in subversive activity.

In August 1914 all combatant armies still retained substantial numbers of cavalry and the mobile nature of the opening battles on both Eastern and Western Fronts provided a number of instances of traditional cavalry actions, though on a smaller and more scattered scale than those of previous wars.

In May 2010, the Washington State Supreme Court provided an opinion after it was asked to certify a question referred by the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Washington: “ Whether a public library, consistent with Article I, § 5 of the Washington Constitution, may filter Internet access for all patrons without disabling Web sites containing constitutionally-protected speech upon the request of an adult library patron .” The Washington State Supreme Court ruled that NCRL ’ s internet filtering policy did not violate Article I, Section 5 of the Washington State Constitution.

Certain Latin-Rite Catholic priests may receive a dispensation to be married before ordination, and all Eastern Catholic priests outside the United States are also permitted to be married, provided they are so before ordination.

For example, what Jews from Eastern Europe and from North Africa consider " Jewish food " has more in common with the cuisines of non-Jewish Eastern Europeans and North Africans than with each other, although for religious Jews all food-preparation must conform to the same laws of Kashrut.

By 1991 the communist governments of Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and Romania, all of which had been imposed after World War II, were brought down as revolution swept Eastern Europe.

However, the church in communion with the Bishop of Rome, both in its Western form and in that of the Eastern Catholic Churches, has always considered itself to be the historic Catholic Church, with all others as " non-Catholics " and regularly refers to itself as " the Catholic Church ".

Under the status quo, the Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and Armenian Apostolic Churches all have rights to the interior of the tomb, and all three communities celebrate the Divine Liturgy or Holy Mass there daily.